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Ruth 2:17 — Word Study

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WLCוַתְּלַקֵּ֥ט בַּשָּׂדֶ֖ה עַד־ הָעָ֑רֶב וַתַּחְבֹּט֙ אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁר־ לִקֵּ֔טָה וַיְהִ֖י כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים׃

BSASo Ruth gathered grainlâqaṭ [collected, picked up] in the fieldsâdeh [a flat area of land used for cultivation] untilʻad [as far as, up to the point of] eveningʻereb [sunset, the end of the day] And when she beat outchâbaṭ [threshed, knocked out] whatʼăsher she had gleanedlâqaṭ [picked up, collected] it washâyâh about an ephahʼêyphâh [approximately, nearly, a unit of measurement, about 9 gallons] of barleysᵉʻôrâh [a type of grain, a staple food]

Word
Listen & take awayRuth 2
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 17 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (se.'o.Rim) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Ruth 2:17quick helps
In a sentenceRuth gathered grain in the field until evening and threshed what she had gleaned.
Who is speakingThe narrator describes Ruth's actions as she works in the field.
Where we areThe narrative describes Ruth's diligent work during the harvest.
The hard wordעַד־, 'ad-
Take awayRuth's hard work results in a significant amount of grain.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause verbלָקַט The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Ruth 2:17

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Ruth's Harvesting Effortsgenerated

16Rather, pull out for her some stalks from the bundles and leave them for her to gather. Do not rebuke her.”
17So Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening. And when she beat out what she had gleaned, it was about an ephah of barley.
18She picked up the grain and went into the town, where her mother-in-law saw what she had gleaned. And she brought out what she had saved from her meal and gave it to Naomi.
19Then her mother-in-law asked her, “Where did you glean today, and where did you work? Blessed be the man who noticed you.” So she told her mother-in-law where she had worked. “The name of the man I worked with today is Boaz,” she said.

Ruth 2:17 recounts Ruth's efforts in gathering grain during the harvest season. She works diligently in the field until evening, demonstrating her commitment to providing for herself and her mother-in-law, Naomi. This passage highlights the themes of hard work and providence in the story of Ruth and Boaz, as seen in the surrounding verses.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Proverbs 31:27She watches over the affairs of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness.
2Exodus 16:36(Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah.)
3Ezekiel 45:11–12The ephah and the bath shall be the same quantity so that the bath will contain a tenth of a homer, and the ephah a tenth of a homer; the homer will be the standard measure for both.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 3 references, hung on the phrase they belong to

she gleanedProverbs 31:27

The Key Word לָקַט, va.te.la.Ketgenerated

The verb לָקַט (laqat) means to gather or pick up, specifically referring to gleaning leftover crops in a field. It is used in various forms to describe collecting or gathering things, emphasizing the act of gathering what is left behind after the harvest.

In this verse, the Piel form indicates an active effort in collecting, showcasing Ruth's determination and resourcefulness as she gathers grain in the field. The word appears frequently in the context of agricultural practices, underscoring the importance of gleaning in ancient Israelite culture.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The finite verbs govern the main actions in the verse: וַתְּלַקֵּ֥ט (and she gleaned) and וַתַּחְבֹּט֙ (and she beat out). The structure reflects Ruth's sequential actions — first gathering grain, then threshing it.

The sentence flows from the actions in the field to the result of her labor, with the prepositional phrases providing context about where and until when she worked.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates לָקַט as συνέλεχεν (sunelexen), which also means to gather. This choice emphasizes the act of collecting, aligning closely with the Hebrew meaning.

The use of ἐρράβδισεν (errhabisen) for חָבַט indicates a focus on the action of threshing, reinforcing the physical labor involved in processing the grain.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Ruth 2:17 tells us that Ruth worked hard in the field, gathering grain until evening. After collecting what she had gleaned, she threshed it, resulting in about an ephah of barley. This demonstrates her dedication to providing for herself and Naomi.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does it mean that Ruth gleaned in the field?

Gleaning refers to the practice of collecting leftover crops after the harvest, showing Ruth's hard work and resourcefulness.

What is an ephah?

An ephah is a unit of measurement for dry goods, approximately equivalent to 9 gallons, used in the context of measuring grain.

Why is Ruth's work significant?

Ruth's work is significant as it highlights her commitment to support herself and Naomi, reflecting the themes of loyalty and hard work in the story.

What does the term 'beating out' refer to?

Beating out refers to the process of threshing grain, where the harvested grain is separated from the chaff.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What can I learn from Ruth's dedication to her work?
  2. How does gleaning reflect God's provision in our lives?
  3. In what ways can I support those around me like Ruth supported Naomi?
  4. What does this passage teach about the value of hard work and perseverance?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Ruth 2:17 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

So she gleaned in the field until even,.... An instance of her great diligence and industry, attending to this mean employment constantly from morning tonight: and beat out that she had gleaned: she

Read John Gill on Ruth 2 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley. And beat out that she had gleaned. When the quantity of grain was small, it was beat out by means of a stick.

Read Robert Jamieson on Ruth 2 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

An ephah is thought to contain about a bushel. See .

Read Matthew Poole on Ruth 2 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Rth 2:17 So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley.Ver. 17. Until even.] Strengthening herself to her labour, as that good housewife, and laying her bones to work. About an ephah.] Almost a bushel, her back burden.

Read John Trapp on Ruth 2 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(17) Beat out.—That is, she threshed it herself, so as to save the labour of carrying away the straw. She then found she had an ephah, that is, rather more than four pecks.

Read Charles John Ellicott on Ruth 2 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 17. An ephah of barley.] Not less than seven gallons and a half; a good day's work. On Hebrew measures of capacity, See Clarke on Exodus 16:16.

Read AdamClarke on Ruth 2 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

17. she beat out] Cf. Judges 6:11. an ephah] Approximately equivalent to our bushel.

Read Cambridge on Ruth 2 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

And beat out that she had gleaned - Namely, with a stick, as the word implies (compare Deuteronomy 24:20; Isaiah 27:12). This method is still commonly practiced.

Read Albert Barnes on Ruth 2 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

So Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening. And when she beat out what she had gleaned, it was about an ephah of barley.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

So she gleaned in the field until evening; and she beat out that which she had gleaned, and it was about an ephah of barley.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

So Ruth gathered grain in the field until evening. And when she beat out what she had gleaned, it was about an ephah of barley.

NETBNew English Translation2006

So she gathered grain in the field until evening. When she threshed what she had gathered, it came to about thirty pounds of barley!

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

So she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out that she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

So she gleaned in the field until even; and she beat out that which she had gleaned, and it was about an ephah of barley.

RVARevised Version, American1894

So she gleaned in the field until even; and she beat out that she had gleaned, and it was about an ephah of barley.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

So she gleaned in the field until evening, and beat out that which she had gleaned: and it was about an ephah of barley.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

So she gleaned in the fielde vntill euening, and she thresshed that shee had gathered, and it was about an Ephah of barly.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And she gleaned in the field until even, and beat out what she had gleaned; and it was about an ephah of barley.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And she gleaneth in the field till the evening, and beateth out that which she hath gleaned, and it is about an ephah of barley;

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And she gleans in the field until the evening, and beats out that which she has gleaned, and it is about an ephah of barley;

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

So she gleaned in the field until the evening; and when she beat out what she had gleaned, it was about an ephah of barley.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

So she gleaned in the field until evening. Then she beat out the ears of grain that she had gathered, and the grain was about an ephah of barley.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

She gleaned therefore in the field till evening: and beating out with a rod and threshing what she had gleaned, she found about the measure of an ephi of barley, that is, three bushels:

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Ruth worked in the field until the evening. When she beat out the grain that she had picked up it was a large amount.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

So she went on getting together the heads of grain till evening; and after crushing out the seed it came to about an ephah of grain.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וַandclauseverbתְּלַקֵּ֥טshe.gleanedprepositional phrase · prepositionalבַּinnoun phrasetheשָּׂדֶ֖הfieldprepositional phrase · prepositionalעַדuntilnoun phraseהָtheעָ֑רֶבeveningוַandclauseverbתַּחְבֹּט֙she.beat.outnoun phrase · objectאֵ֣ת(et)relpאֲשֶׁר[that].whichclauseverbלִקֵּ֔טָהshe.had.gleanedוַandclauseverbיְהִ֖יit.wasprepositional phrase · prepositionalכְּaboutnoun phraseאֵיפָ֥הan.ephahשְׂעֹרִֽיםbarley(s)

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint largely agree in their wording, with 10 of the 11 words matched. The Dead Sea Scrolls show some restoration, but the core content aligns with the Masoretic Text.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וַתְּלַקֵּ֥ט בַּשָּׂדֶ֖ה עַד־ הָעָ֑רֶב וַתַּחְבֹּט֙ אֵ֣ת אֲשֶׁר־ לִקֵּ֔טָה וַיְהִ֖י כְּאֵיפָ֥ה שְׂעֹרִֽים׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וַתְּלַקֵּ֥טσυνέλεχενבַּשָּׂדֶ֖הἀγρῷעַד־ἕωςהָעָ֑רֶבἑσπέραςוַתַּחְבֹּט֙ἐρράβδισενאֲשֶׁר־לִקֵּ֔טָהσυνέλεχενוַיְהִ֖יἐγενήθηכְּאֵיפָ֥הοιφιשְׂעֹרִֽים׃κριθῶν

10 of the 11 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Dead Sea Scrolls — 2Q16a copy a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex

[ותלקט] בשדה עד הערב ותחבט [את] [אשר] [לקטה] [ויהי] כאיפה שערים

5 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 5 supplied entire by an editor.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Ruth 2:17לָקַטand she gleand she gleanedלָקַטשָׂדַיin the fielin the fieldשָׂדַיעַדuntiluntilעַדעֶ֫רֶבthe eveningthe eveningעֶ֫רֶבחָבַטand she beaand she beat ouחָבַטאֵתthe object the object markאֵתאֲשֶׁר[that] whic[that] whichאֲשֶׁרלָקַטshe had gleshe had gleanedלָקַטהָיָהand it wasand it wasהָיָהאֵיפָהabout an epabout an ephahאֵיפָהשְׂעֹרָהbarleybarleyשְׂעֹרָהעָרַבto grow dato grow darkעָרַבאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתשָׂעַרto shudderto shudderשָׂעַרעַדperpetuityperpetuityעַדהָוָאto fallto fallהָוָאשִׁבֹּ֫לֶתShibbolethShibbolethשִׁבֹּ֫לֶתקָצִירharvestharvestקָצִירעֵ֫שֶׂבvegetationvegetationעֵ֫שֶׂבכֶּרֶםvineyardvineyardכֶּרֶםמָתַיhowhowמָתַיעֶ֫רֶבeveningeveningעֶ֫רֶבטָמֵאto defileto defileטָמֵאבֹּ֫קֶרmorningmorningבֹּ֫קֶרכִּיforforכִּימִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁצָוָהto commandto commandצָוָהעֲשִׂירִיtenthtenthעֲשִׂירִיסְאָהseahseahסְאָה
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Ruth 2:17

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
וַתְּלַקֵּ֥טva.te.la.Ket and she gleaned H3950 Verb · Piel · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
37× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to gather or pick up, like gleaning leftover crops in a field. It is used in various forms to describe collecting or gathering things.
Amplified meaning
collected, picked up
Tyndale gloss
to gather
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לָקַט (laqat) means to pick up or gather, specifically referring to the act of gleaning. It has various forms, including Qal (to gather), Piel (to collect or gather up), and Pual (to be picked up). The entries highlight its use in contexts of gathering, both in agriculture and in collecting money.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[לָקַט] vb. pick or gather up, specif. glean

Qal

pick up, gather

specif. glean

Pi.

gather, gather up

fig. collect (money)

specif. glean

Pu. ye shall be picked up

Hithp. and there collected themselves worthless men unto Jephthah

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3950 לָקַט pick or gather up, specif. glean

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3950 laqat law-kat'

a primitive root; properly, to pick up, i.e. (generally) to

gather; specifically, to glean:--gather (up), glean.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לָקַט (la.qat) — to gather.

1) to pick up, gather, glean, gather up

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to pick up, gather

1a2) to glean

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to gather, gather up

1b2) to collect (money)

1b3) to glean

1c) (Pual) to be picked up

1d) (Hithpael) to collect oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Piel-ConsecImperf-3fs — Verb · Piel · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
Hc/Vpw3fs
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
בַּשָּׂדֶ֖הba.sa.Deh in the field H7704 Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
334× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A field or land is what this word represents, often referring to a flat area of land used for cultivation or as a habitat for wild animals, as described in the book of Genesis. It can also mean a plain or a country, as opposed to a mountain or sea. This term is used in the story of Ruth and Boaz.
Amplified meaning
a flat area of land used for cultivation
Tyndale gloss
field
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׂדַי (saday) and שָׂדֶה (sadeh) both refer to a field or land, encompassing cultivated areas, open fields, and regions opposed to mountains or seas. The terms can denote specific portions of ground and are associated with wildlife habitats. They derive from a root meaning to spread out, indicating flat, expansive areas.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׂדַי n.m. field, land

cultivated field

home of wild beasts

plain, opp. mt.

land, opp. sea

base

שָׂדֶה 819 n.m. id. [u.ak.ab]

(ordinary contr. form)open field, country

definite portion of ground, field, land

land, opp. sea

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7704a שָׂדַי field, land . cultivated field

. home of wild beasts

. plain, opp. mt.

. land, opp. sea

H7704b שָׂדֶה id. [7704a] . open field, country

. definite portion of ground, field, land

. land, opp. sea

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7704 sadeh saw-deh'

or saday {saw-dah'-ee}; from an unused root meaning to spread

out; a field (as flat):--country, field, ground, land, soil,

X wild.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׂדַי (sa.day) — Sirion.

This name means field, land, plain

Another spelling of cher.mon (חֶרְמוֹן "(Mount )Hermon" H2768)

שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: soil.

: soil

1) field, land

1a) open field, country

1b) definite portion of ground, field, land

1c) land (opposed to sea)

שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: country.

: country/field

1) field, land

1a) open field, country

1b) definite portion of ground, field, land

1c) land (opposed to sea)

שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — Field (of the Launderer).

Combined with ka.vas (כָּבַס "Washer's" H3526)

This name means field, land

שָׂדֶה (sa.deh) — land: wildlife.

: wild(animals/plants)

1) field, land

1a) open field, country

1b) definite portion of ground, field, land

1c) land (opposed to sea)

שָׂדַי (sa.day) — field.

1) field, land

1a) cultivated field

1b) of home of wild beasts

1c) plain (opposed to mountain)

1d) land (opposed to sea)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
HRd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

feld.

See AGRICULTURE.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Field

(Heb. sadeh), a cultivated field, but unenclosed. It is applied to any cultivated ground or pasture (Gen. 29:2; 31:4; 34:7), or tillage (Gen. 37:7; 47:24). It is also applied to woodland (Ps. 132:6) or mountain top (Judg. 9:32, 36; 2 Sam. 1:21). It denotes sometimes a cultivated region as opposed to the wilderness (Gen. 33:19; 36:35). Unwalled villages or scattered houses are spoken of as “in the fields” (Deut. 28:3, 16; Lev. 25:31;

The Hebrew sadeh is applied to any cultivated ground, and in some instances in marked opposition to the neighboring wilderness. On the other hand the sadeh is frequently contrasted with what is enclosed, whether a vineyard, a garden or a walled town. In many passages the term implies what is remote from a house, (Genesis 4:8; 24:63; 22:25) or settled habitation, as in the case of Esau. (Genesis 25:27) The separate plots of ground were marked off by stones, which might easily be removed, (19:14; 27:17) cf. Job 24:2; Prov 22:28; 23:10 The absence of fences rendered the fields liable to damage from straying cattle, (Exodus…

and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
עַד־'ad- until H5704 Preposition
1,261× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means until or as far as, describing a point in time or space. It's used in the Bible to set boundaries or limits, like in Exodus when describing the Israelites' journey.
Amplified meaning
as far as, up to the point of
Tyndale gloss
till
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עַד (ad) primarily functions as a preposition, adverb, or conjunction meaning 'until,' 'up to,' or 'as far as.' It can denote spatial, temporal, or degree-related contexts, such as 'even to' or 'while.' The entries indicate its use in poetry and in various combinations, but there is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי prep. as far as, even to, up to, until, while

prep.

of space

Of time

Of degree

conj.

until

While

Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus

of space

Of time

Of degree

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5704 עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי as far as, even to, up to, until, while . prep. . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

. conj. . until

. While

. Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare)

. עַד לְ, a strengthened form for עַד. Thus . of space

. Of time

. Of degree

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5704 `ad ad

properly, the same as 5703 (used as a preposition, adverb or

conjunction; especially with a preposition); as far (or long,

or much) as, whether of space (even unto) or time (during,

while, until) or degree (equally with):--against, and, as,

at, before, by (that), even (to), for(-asmuch as),

(hither-)to, + how long, into, as long (much) as, (so) that,

till, toward, until, when, while, (+ as) yet.

see HEBREW for 05703

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עַד (ad) — till.

prep

1) as far as, even to, until, up to, while, as far as

1a) of space

1a1) as far as, up to, even to

1b) in combination

1b1) from...as far as, both...and (with 'min' -from)

1c) of time

1c1) even to, until, unto, till, during, end

1d) of degree

1d1) even to, to the degree of, even like

conj

2) until, while, to the point that, so that even

Aramaic equivalent: ad (עַד "till" H5705)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep — Preposition
HR
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
הָעָ֑רֶבha.'A.rev the evening H6153 Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
134× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means evening or sunset, like when God created daylight and darkness in Genesis. It refers to the time of day, often marking the end of a workday. This word is used in many verses, including Exodus and Psalms.
Amplified meaning
sunset, the end of the day
Tyndale gloss
evening
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶ֫רֶב (ereb) refers to the time of day known as evening or dusk, originally associated with sunset. It can also denote night, particularly in poetic contexts. The phrase 'between two evenings' suggests a time frame between sunset and darkness.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶ֫רֶב 131 n.[m.] (sun)set, evening

evening, orig. sunset

du. in phrase between two evenings, i.e. prob. between sunset and dark

(late poet.) = night

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6153 עֶ֫רֶב (sun)set, evening . . evening, orig. sunset

. du. in phrase between two evenings, i.e. prob. between sunset and dark

. (late poet.) = night

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6153 `ereb eh'-reb

from 6150; dusk:--+ day, even(-ing, tide), night.

see HEBREW for 06150

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶ֫רֶב (e.rev) — evening.

1) evening, night, sunset

1a) evening, sunset

1b) night

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Art | N-ms — Particle · noun common masculine singular absolute
HTd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Evening

The period following sunset with which the Jewish day began (Gen. 1:5; Mark 13:35). The Hebrews reckoned two evenings of each day, as appears from Ex. 16:12: 30:8; 12:6 (marg.); Lev. 23:5 (marg. R.V., “between the two evenings”). The “first evening” was that period when the sun was verging towards setting, and the “second evening” the moment of actual sunset. The word “evenings” in Jer. 5:6 should be “deserts” (marg. R.V.).

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The Hebrews reckoned two evenings in each day; as in the phrase, "between the two evenings," Ex 12:6 Nu 9:3 28:4. In this interval the Passover was to be killed, and the daily evening sacrifice offered, Ex 29:39-41, Hebrew. According to the Carites, this time between the evenings is the interval from sunset to complete darkness, that is, the evening is the interval from sunset to complete darkness, that is, the evening twilight. Compare De 16:6. According to the Pharisees and the rabbins, the first evening began when the sun inclined to descend more rapidly, that is, at the ninth hour; while the second or real evening commenced at sunset. See DAY.

and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
וַתַּחְבֹּט֙va.tach.Bot and she beat out H2251 Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to beat or knock something out, like threshing grain. It is used in the Old Testament to describe physical labor or battle. In the KJV, it is translated as 'beat' or 'thresh'.
Amplified meaning
threshed, knocked out
Tyndale gloss
to beat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

חָבַט (chabat) is a Hebrew verb meaning to beat, specifically in contexts like beating out grain or knocking something off. The entries indicate it can be used in both the Qal and Niphal forms, with the Niphal suggesting a passive sense of being beaten out. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[חָבַט] vb. beat off, beat out

Qal

beat off

beat out (grain)

Niph. fennel beaten out

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2251 [חָבַט] beat off, beat out

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2251 chabat khaw-bat'

a primitive root; to knock out or off:--beat (off, out),

thresh.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָבַט (cha.vat) — to beat.

1) to beat, beat out, beat off, thresh

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to beat out

1a2) to beat off

1b) (Niphal) to be beaten out

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3fs — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person feminine singular
Hc/Vqw3fs
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
אֵ֣ת'et the object marker H853 Particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTo — Particle
HTo
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
אֲשֶׁר־'a.Sher- [that] which H834 Particle
5,500× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is a conjunction that connects ideas and events in the Bible, like in the book of Genesis, where it's used to describe the relationship between God and His creation.
Tyndale gloss
which
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word אֲשֶׁר (*asher*) is a relative pronoun that can mean 'who,' 'which,' or 'that.' It serves various grammatical functions, including as an adverb or conjunction, indicating relationships between clauses, places, or conditions. Variants like בַאֲשֶׁר (*ba-asher*), מֵאֲשֶׁר (*me-asher*), and כַּאֲשֶׁר (*ka-asher*) expand its usage to specific contexts such as location, causation, and time.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause.

base

בַאֲשֶׁר

in (that) which

adv. in (the place) where

conj. in that, inasmuch as

on account of whom?

base

מֵאֲשֶׁר

from (or than) that which

adv. from (the place) where

conj. from (the fact) that …, since

base

כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when

according to that which, according as, as

with a causal force, in so far as, since

with a temporal force, when

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H834a אֲשֶׁר part. of relation A sign of relation, bringing the clause introduced by it into relation with an antecedent clause. H834b בַאֲשֶׁר . in (that) which

. adv. in (the place) where

. conj. in that, inasmuch as

. on account of whom?

H834c מֵאֲשֶׁר . from (or than) that which

. adv. from (the place) where

. conj. from (the fact) that …, since

H834d כַּאֲשֶׁר conj. according as, as, when . according to that which, according as, as

. with a causal force, in so far as, since

. with a temporal force, when

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

834 'aher ash-er'

a primitive relative pronoun (of every gender and number);

who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction)

when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.:--X after, X

alike, as (soon as), because, X every, for, + forasmuch, +

from whence, + how(-soever), X if, (so) that ((thing) which,

wherein), X though, + until, + whatsoever, when, where

(+ -as, -in, -of, -on, -soever, -with), which, whilst, +

whither(- soever), who(-m, -soever, -se). As it is

indeclinable, it is often accompanied by the personal pronoun

expletively, used to show the connection.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֲשֶׁר (a.sher) — which.

A: 1) (relative part.)

1a) which, who

1b) that which

2) (conj)

2a) that (in obj clause)

2b) when

2c) since

2d) as

2e) conditional if

B: Beth+ 1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

C: Mem+ 1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

D: Kaph+

1) (conj.), according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

1b) with a causal force: in so far as, since

1c) with a temporal force: when

בַאֲשֶׁר (ba.a.sher) — in which.

1) in (that) which

2) (adv)

2a) where

3) (conj)

3a) in that, inasmuch as

3b) on account of

מֵאֲשֶׁר (me.a.sher) — whence.

1) from (or than) that which

2) from (the place) where

3) from (the fact) that, since

כַּאֲשֶׁר (ka.a.sher) — as which.

conj

1) according as, as, when

1a) according to that which, according as, as

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Rel — Particle
HTr
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
לִקֵּ֔טָהli.Ke.tah she had gleaned H3950 Verb · Piel · perfect third person feminine singular
37× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to gather or pick up, like gleaning leftover crops in a field. It is used in various forms to describe collecting or gathering things.
Amplified meaning
picked up, collected
Tyndale gloss
to gather
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לָקַט (laqat) means to pick up or gather, specifically referring to the act of gleaning. It has various forms, including Qal (to gather), Piel (to collect or gather up), and Pual (to be picked up). The entries highlight its use in contexts of gathering, both in agriculture and in collecting money.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[לָקַט] vb. pick or gather up, specif. glean

Qal

pick up, gather

specif. glean

Pi.

gather, gather up

fig. collect (money)

specif. glean

Pu. ye shall be picked up

Hithp. and there collected themselves worthless men unto Jephthah

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3950 לָקַט pick or gather up, specif. glean

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3950 laqat law-kat'

a primitive root; properly, to pick up, i.e. (generally) to

gather; specifically, to glean:--gather (up), glean.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לָקַט (la.qat) — to gather.

1) to pick up, gather, glean, gather up

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to pick up, gather

1a2) to glean

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to gather, gather up

1b2) to collect (money)

1b3) to glean

1c) (Pual) to be picked up

1d) (Hithpael) to collect oneself

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3fs — Verb · Piel · perfect third person feminine singular
HVpp3fs
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
וַיְהִ֖יvay.Hi and it was H1961 Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
3,562× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for to be means to exist or come into being. It is used to describe something that happens or comes to pass, like in Genesis where God creates the world.
Tyndale gloss
to be
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word הָיָה (hayah) is a primitive root meaning to exist or become, and it encompasses a range of meanings including to happen, occur, and come to pass. It is often used in narrative contexts, particularly in phrases like "and it came to pass." The word can also denote a state of being or existence, and it appears frequently in various forms throughout the Old Testament.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָיָה 3570 vb. fall out, come to pass, become, be

Qal

Fall out, happen

occur, take place, come about, come to pass

esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass

וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

Come into being, become

abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

sq. prep.

become

sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

sq. pred. adj.

become like

sq. pred. לְ pers.

sq. לְ pred.

oft. c. לְ pred. לְ pers.

with עַל and לְ

sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming)

exist, be in existence

abide, remain, continue

with word of locality, be in or at a place, be situated, stand, lie

as copula, joining subj. & pred.

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1961 הָיָה fall out, come to pass, become, be .. . . Fall out, happen

. occur, take place, come about, come to pass

. esp. & very oft., come about, come to pass . . וַיְהִי and it came to pass that, most often (c. 292 t.)

. rarely also Pf. c. וְ conj. וְהָיָה

. less oft. וְהָיָה Pf. consec. and it shall come to pass, or frequentat. came to pass (repeatedly, etc.)

. Come into being, become . . abs., in lively narrative, arise, appear, come

. sq. prep.

. become . sq. pred. noun (to be viewed as implicit accus.)

. sq. pred. adj.

. become like

. sq. pred. + לְ pers.

. sq. לְ pred.

. oft. c. לְ pred. + לְ pers.

. with עַל and לְ

. sts. c. לְ pers. only = became the property of, come into the possession of

. Be (often with subbordinate idea of becoming) . exist, be in existence

. abide, remain, continue

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1961 hayah haw-yaw

a primitive root (compare 1933); to exist, i.e. be or become,

come to pass (always emphatic, and not a mere copula or

auxiliary):--beacon, X altogether, be(-come), accomplished,

committed, like), break, cause, come (to pass), do, faint,

fall, + follow, happen, X have, last, pertain, quit

(one-)self, require, X use.

see HEBREW for 01933

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָיָה (ha.yah) — to be.

1) to be, become, come to pass, exist, happen, fall out

1a) (Qal)

1a1) ---

1a1a) to happen, fall out, occur, take place, come about, come to pass

1a1b) to come about, come to pass

1a2) to come into being, become

1a2a) to arise, appear, come

1a2b) to become

1a2b1) to become

1a2b2) to become like

1a2b3) to be instituted, be established

1a3) to be

1a3a) to exist, be in existence

1a3b) to abide, remain, continue (with word of place or time)

1a3c) to stand, lie, be in, be at, be situated (with word of locality)

1a3d) to accompany, be with

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to occur, come to pass, be done, be brought about

1b2) to be done, be finished, be gone

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Qal-ConsecImperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · sequential imperfect third person masculine singular
Hc/Vqw3ms
and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
כְּאֵיפָ֥הke.'ei.Fah about an ephah H374 Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
40× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
An ephah was a unit of measurement in the Old Testament, equivalent to about 9 gallons, used to quantify dry goods like grain, as mentioned in the books of Leviticus and Ruth.
Amplified meaning
approximately, nearly, a unit of measurement, about 9 gallons
Tyndale gloss
ephah
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵיפָה (ephah) refers to a dry measure used for grain, equivalent to about 9 imperial gallons or 40 liters. It can denote both the quantity itself and the container used for measuring that amount. The term is derived from Egyptian and is mentioned in contexts related to measuring grain.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵיפָה 35, אֵפָה n.f. ephah

a certain quantity of wheat, barley, etc. = ten omers

receptacle or measure, holding an ephah

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H374 אֵיפָה, אֵפָה ephah

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

374 'eyphah ay-faw'

or (shortened) ephah {ay-faw'}; of Egyptian derivation; an

ephah or measure for grain; hence, a measure in general:--

ephah, (divers) measure(-s).

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵיפָה (e.phah) — ephah.

1) ephah

1a) a dry measure of quantity, equal to 3 seahs, 10 omers; the same as the liquid measure bath; (about 9 imperial gallons (40 l), rabbinical writings give sizes of one-half this amount)

1b) the receptacle for measuring or holding that amount

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Prep | N-fs — Preposition · noun common feminine singular absolute
HR/Ncfsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Ephah

Gloom. (1.) One of the five sons of Midian, and grandson of Abraham (Gen. 25:4). The city of Ephah, to which he gave his name, is mentioned Isa. 60:6, 7. This city, with its surrounding territory, formed part of Midian, on the east shore of the Dead Sea. It abounded in dromedaries and camels (Judg. 6:5).

(2.) 1 Chr. 2:46, a concubine of Caleb.

(3.) 1 Chr. 2:47, a descendant of Judah.

Ephah, a word of Egyptian origin, meaning measure; a grain measure containing “three seahs or ten omers,” and equivalent to the bath for liquids (Ex. 16:36;

1. A measure of capacity used among the Hebrews, containing three pecks and three pints. The Ephah was a dry measure, as of barley, Ru 2:17; and meal, Nu 5:15 Jud 6:19; and was of the same capacity with the bath in liquids. See BATH, or Ephah.

2. The son of Midian, and grandson of Abraham, Ge 25:4, who settled and gave his name to a region in Arabia supposed to have been near Midian, Isa 60:6.

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

weary; tired

and she gleaned in the field until the evening and she beat out the object marker [that] which she had gleaned and it was about an ephah barley
שְׂעֹרִֽים׃se.'o.Rim barley H8184 Noun common · masculine plural absolute
34× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word refers to barley, a type of grain that was commonly eaten in ancient Israel. Barley was a staple food in the biblical world. It's mentioned in the story of Ruth.
Amplified meaning
a type of grain, a staple food
Tyndale gloss
barley
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שְׂעֹרָה (se'orah) refers to barley, specifically the bearded grain. It can denote both the plant and the grain itself. The word is derived from a root meaning 'roughness,' which relates to the texture of barley. There are no significant disagreements among the lexicons regarding its meaning.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שְׂעֹרָה n.f. barley (bearded grain)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8184 שְׂעֹרָה barley (bearded grain)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8184 s`orah seh-o-raw'

or snowrah {seh-o-raw'} (feminine meaning the plant); and

(masculine meaning the grain); also s or {seh-ore'}; or s-owr

{seh-ore'}; from 8175 in the sense of roughness; barley (as

villose):--barley.

see HEBREW for 08175

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שְׂעֹרָה (se.o.rah) — barley.

1) barley

1a) barley (of the plant)

1b) barley (of the meal or grain)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp — Noun common · masculine plural absolute
HNcmpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bar'-li (se`orah):

(1) In the Bible, as in modern times, barley was a characteristic product of Palestine--"a land of wheat and barley, and vines and fig-trees," etc. (De 8:8), the failure of whose crop was a national disaster (Joe 1:11). It was, and is, grown chiefly as provender for horses and asses (1Ki 4:28), oats being practically unknown, but it was, as it now is, to some extent, the food of the poor in country districts (Ru 2:17; 2Ki 4:42; Joh 6:9,13). Probably this is the meaning of the dream of the Midianite concerning Gideon: "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and, lo…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Barley

A grain much cultivated in Egypt (Ex. 9:31) and in Palestine (Lev. 27:16; Deut. 8:8). It was usually the food of horses (1 Kings 4:28). Barley bread was used by the poorer people (Judg. 7:13; 2 Kings 4:42). Barley of the first crop was ready for the harvest by the time of the Passover, in the middle of April (Ruth 1:22; 2 Sam. 21:9). Mention is made of barley-meal (Num. 5:15). Our Lord fed five thousand…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

is one of the most important of the cereal grains, and the most hardy of them all. It was grown by the Hebrews, (Leviticus 27:16; 8:8; Ruth 2:17) etc., who used it for baking into bread chiefly among the poor, (Judges 7:13; 2 Kings 4:42; John 6:9,13) and as fodder for horses. (1 Kings 4:28) The barley harvest, (Ruth 1:22; 2:23; 2 Samuel 21:9;10) takes place in Palestine in March and April, and in the hilly district as late as May. It always precedes the wheat…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

Sown in Palestine in autumn, and reaped in the spring, that is, at the Passover. The Hebrews frequently used barley bread, 2Sa 1:27; 2Ki 4:42; Joh 6:9. Barley also was much used as food for cattle, 1Ki 4:28.

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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