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Nehemiah 3:6 — Word Study

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WLCוְאֵת֩ שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ יֽוֹיָדָע֙ בֶּן־ פָּסֵ֔חַ וּמְשֻׁלָּ֖ם בֶּן־ בְּסֽוֹדְיָ֑ה הֵ֣מָּה קֵר֔וּהוּ וַֽיַּעֲמִ֙ידוּ֙ דַּלְתֹתָ֔יו וּמַנְעֻלָ֖יו וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ ס

BSAThe Jeshanahyâshân [old, ancient] Gateshaʻar was repairedchâzaq by JoiadaYôwyâdâʻ [Jehovah knows] sonbên of PaseahPâçêach and MeshullamMᵉshullâm [given of God] sonbên of BesodeiahBᵉçôwdᵉyâh Theyhêm laid its beamsqârâh [to meet, construct with beams] and installedʻâmad its doorsdeleth [swinging valves, gate entrances] boltsmanʻûwl [locks, security fasteners] and barsbᵉrîyach [wooden security rods, fortifications]

Word
Listen & take awayNehemiah 3
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 6 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (u.ve.ri.Chav) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
Nehemiah 3:6quick helps
In a sentenceThe Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada and Meshullam, who set up its beams, doors, bolts, and bars.
Who is speakingThe narrative is from the perspective of Nehemiah, detailing the rebuilding efforts in Jerusalem.
Where we areThis verse is part of a list of repairs made to the walls and gates of Jerusalem.
The hard wordהֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ
Take awayThe repairs signify the restoration of Jerusalem's defenses and community.
7 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Trapp, Ellicott & more — read them › clause subjectקָרָה verbיוֹיָדָע The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

1 of 16 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — Nehemiah 3:6

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — Rebuilding Jerusalem's Wallsgenerated

5Next to him, the Tekoites made repairs, but their nobles did not put their shoulders to the work under their supervisors.
6The Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.
7Next to them, repairs were made by Melatiah the Gibeonite, Jadon the Meronothite, and the men of Gibeon and Mizpah, who were under the authority of the governor of the region west of the Euphrates.
8Next to them, Uzziel son of Harhaiah, one of the goldsmiths, made repairs, and next to him, Hananiah son of the perfumer made repairs. They fortified Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall.

Nehemiah 3:6 describes the efforts of Joiada and Meshullam in repairing the Jeshanah Gate, which was part of the broader initiative to restore the walls of Jerusalem after the Babylonian exile. This chapter lists various individuals and groups involved in the reconstruction, emphasizing community participation and the importance of fortifying the city. The work on the gates and walls reflects a physical and spiritual renewal for the people of Israel.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
1Nehemiah 12:39over the Gate of Ephraim, the Jeshanah Gate, the Fish Gate, the Tower of Hananel, and the Tower of the Hundred, as far as the Sheep Gate. And they stopped at the Gate of the Guard.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 1 reference, hung on the phrase they belong to

Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.Nehemiah 12:39

The Key Word הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ, he.che.Zi.kugenerated

The verb חָזַק (chazaq) means 'to strengthen' or 'to repair.' In this context, it indicates the act of restoring the gate, which involves both physical labor and the idea of making something strong again.

This verb is in the Hiphil stem, which often denotes a causative action. Here, it suggests that Joiada and Meshullam were not just repairing but actively contributing to the strength and security of Jerusalem.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

The translations agree that the Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada and Meshullam, with variations in wording but consistent meaning across the versions.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ (they repaired) governs the clause, with the subjects Joiada and Meshullam performing the action. The structure emphasizes the collaborative effort in the repairs.

The sentence follows a typical Hebrew structure, where the subject precedes the verb, and the objects (beams, doors, bolts, and bars) follow, clearly indicating what was repaired.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates the verb הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ as ἐποίησαν (they made), which broadens the meaning to include not just repairing but also constructing. This choice highlights the active role of the builders in creating a secure environment for the city.

This rendering reflects a slight interpretative shift, suggesting a focus on the act of making rather than solely repairing.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

Nehemiah 3:6 tells us that Joiada and Meshullam repaired the Jeshanah Gate by laying its beams and installing its doors, bolts, and bars. This verse highlights the collaborative effort of the people in rebuilding Jerusalem after the exile.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What does the Jeshanah Gate represent?

The Jeshanah Gate symbolizes the restoration and security of Jerusalem, reflecting the community's effort to rebuild after the exile.

Who were Joiada and Meshullam?

Joiada and Meshullam were Israelites involved in the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls, demonstrating leadership and commitment to their community.

What materials were used in the repairs?

The repairs involved beams, doors, bolts, and bars, indicating a focus on strengthening the city's defenses.

How does this verse connect to the broader narrative of Nehemiah?

This verse is part of Nehemiah's account of the rebuilding efforts, showcasing the collective action of the people in restoring their city and faith.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What can I learn from the teamwork of Joiada and Meshullam in my own community efforts?
  2. In what ways can I contribute to the strengthening of my community, similar to the builders in Nehemiah?
  3. How does the act of repairing the Jeshanah Gate reflect spiritual renewal in my life?
  4. What steps can I take to support rebuilding efforts in my own context, whether physically or spiritually?

The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it

Bede comments on the significance of the old gate, relating it to themes of renewal and continuity in faith.

BedeCommentary on Ezra and Nehemiah c. 673–735
And they rebuilt the old gate, etc. That old gate is what John mentions, saying: Beloved, I do not write a new commandment to you, but an old commandment which you have had from the beginning (1 John 2).
Early Church Fathers on Nehemiah 3 →

Commentators on this verse — 7 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on Nehemiah 3:6 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Moreover, the old gate repaired Jehoiada, the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah,.... Which some think was so called because it led to the old city Salem. Dr.

Read John Gill on Nehemiah 3 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

But the fish gate did the sons of Hassenaah build, who also laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, the locks thereof, and the bars thereof. No JFB commentary on these verses.

Read Robert Jamieson on Nehemiah 3 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

Nehemiah 3:6 Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.Ver. 6. Moreover the old gate] Famous only for its antiquity; like as many old books are monumenta adorandae robiginis, of more antiquity than authority; and as that image at Ephesus, that was said, but falsely, to have fallen down from Jupiter (Dιοπετες), so the covetous priests persuaded the credulous people, Acts 19:35. The Rabbis say, that this was a gate ever since the time that David took Zion from the Jebusites, Quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas? Who would believe…

Read John Trapp on Nehemiah 3 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(6) The old gate.—Not mentioned elsewhere: probably that of Damascus; but (by a conjectural addition to the text,) it has been translated the gate of the old wall, as if distinguished from “the broad wall.”

Read Charles John Ellicott on Nehemiah 3 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

6. Moreover the old gate] R.V. And the old gate. Marg. ‘Or, the gate of the old city or, of the old wall.’ Literally rendered the words are ‘And the gate of the old,’ so that there is some uncertainty which word we should supply. From the mention of the same gate elsewhere (Nehemiah 12:39) we gather that it stood between the ‘fish gate’ and the ‘gate of Ephraim,’ and is possibly the same as the ‘corner gate’ (2 Kings 14:13) which Zechariah calls ‘the first gate’ (Zechariah 14:10). On the N. side the ground being more level the city would naturally extend itself in this direction. The gate possibly derived its name from being the entrance to the old city. Prof. Robertson Smith (Art.…

Read Cambridge on Nehemiah 3 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The old gate - Either the modern Damascus gate, the main entrance to the city on the north side; or a gate a little further eastward.

Read Albert Barnes on Nehemiah 3 →
Daniel Denison Whedon1808–1885Whedon's Commentary on the Bible

6. The old gate — Its location can now be fixed only by conjecture. It seems to have been in the northern wall, and probably near the northeastern corner of the city. See plan.

Read Daniel Denison Whedon on Nehemiah 3 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

The Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Joiada the son of Paseah and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah repaired the old gate. They laid its beams and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

The Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and installed its doors, bolts, and bars.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah worked on the Jeshanah Gate. They laid its beams and positioned its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Moreover the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the locks thereof, and the bars thereof.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

And the old gate repaired Joiada the son of Paseah and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the bolts thereof, and the bars thereof.

RVARevised Version, American1894

And the old gate repaired Joiada the son of Paseah and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid the beams thereof, and set up the doors thereof, and the bolts thereof, and the bars thereof.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Moreover, the old gate repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodeiah; they laid its beams, and set up its doors, and its locks, and its bars.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

And the gate of the olde fishpoole fortified Iehoiada the sonne of Paseah, and Meshullam the sonne of Besodaiah: they laid the beames thereof, and set on the doores thereof, and the lockes thereof, and the barres thereof.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

And the gate of the old [wall] repaired Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and Meshullam the son of Besodiah; they laid its beams, and set up its doors, and its locks, and its bars.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

And the old gate have Jehoiada son of Paseah, and Meshullam son of Besodeiah, strengthened; they have walled it, and set up its doors, and its locks, and its bars.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

And Jehoiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah have strengthened the Old Gate; they have walled it, and set up its doors, and its locks, and its bars.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

Moreover the old gate repaired Yoyada' the son of Passeach, and Meshullam the son of Bessodeyah: they laid its beams, and set up its doors, and its locks, and its bars.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah repaired the Old Gate. They made beams for it, and set its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And Joiada the son of Phasea, and Mosollam the son of Besodia built the old gate: they covered it and set up the doors thereof, and the locks, and the bars.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

The Old Gate was repaired by Joiada, son of Paseah and Meshullam, son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and set up its doors, together with its bolts and bars.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

Joiada, the son of Paseah, and Meshullam, the son of Besodeiah, made good the old doorway; they put its boards in place and put up its doors, with their locks and rods.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

וְandclausenoun phrase · objectאֵת֩(et)verbהֶחֱזִ֗יקוּthey.repairednoun phrase · subjectnoun phraseיֽוֹיָדָע֙Joiadanoun phraseבֶּןthe.sonפָּסֵ֔חַof.Paseahוּandnoun phraseמְשֻׁלָּ֖םMeshullamnoun phraseבֶּןthe.sonבְּסֽוֹדְיָ֑הof.Besodeiahclausesubjectהֵ֣מָּהtheyverbקֵר֔וּtheyobjectהוּmade.beams.for.itוַֽandclauseverbיַּעֲמִ֨ידוּ֙they.set.upnoun phrase · objectnoun phraseדַּלְתֹתָ֔יdoorsוitsוּandnoun phrasenoun phraseמַנְעֻלָ֖יboltsוitsוּandnoun phraseבְרִיחָֽיbarsוits

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint show some differences in their wording. The Masoretic Text provides a detailed account of the repairs, while the Septuagint's translation does not match word for word but captures the overall action of construction.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

וְאֵת֩ שַׁ֨עַר הַיְשָׁנָ֜ה הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּ יֽוֹיָדָע֙ בֶּן־ פָּסֵ֔חַ וּמְשֻׁלָּ֖ם בֶּן־ בְּסֽוֹדְיָ֑ה הֵ֣מָּה קֵר֔וּהוּ וַֽיַּעֲמִ֙ידוּ֙ דַּלְתֹתָ֔יו וּמַנְעֻלָ֖יו וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ ס

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
וְאֵת֩καὶ

1 of the 16 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

Nehemiah 3:6אֵתand the objand the object אֵתשַׁ֫עַרGateGateשַׁ֫עַריָשָׁןthe Jeshanathe Jeshanahיָשָׁןחָזַקthey repairthey repairedחָזַקיְהוֹיָדָעJoiadaJoiadaיְהוֹיָדָעבֵּן[the] son o[the] son ofבֵּןפָּסֵחַPaseahPaseahפָּסֵחַמְשֻׁלָּםand Meshulland Meshullamמְשֻׁלָּםבֵּן[the] son o[the] son ofבֵּןבְסוֹדְיָ֑הBesodeiahBesodeiahבְסוֹדְיָ֑ההֵ֫מָּהtheytheyהֵ֫מָּהקָרָהthey made bthey made beamsקָרָהעָמַדand they seand they set upעָמַדדָּלdoors itsdoors itsדָּלמַנְעוּלand bolts iand bolts itsמַנְעוּלבְּרִיחַand bars itand bars itsבְּרִיחַבָּנָהto buildto buildבָּנָהיָשֵׁןto sleepto sleepיָשֵׁןאוֹתsign: mirasign: miraculouאוֹתשָׁעַרto calculato calculateשָׁעַרפָּסַחto passto passפָּסַחשָׁלֵםto completto completeשָׁלֵםסוֹדcounselcounselסוֹדהֲלַךְto goto goהֲלַךְדָּלָהto draw (uto draw (up/outדָּלָהנָעַלto lockto lockנָעַלבָּרַחto fleeto fleeבָּרַחיְהוֹיָדָעJehoiadaJehoiadaיְהוֹיָדָעעַמּוֹןAmmonAmmonעַמּוֹןרְאוּבֵןReubenReubenרְאוּבֵןמַנְעוּלboltboltמַנְעוּלבְּרִיחַbarbarבְּרִיחַמִגְרָשׁpasturepastureמִגְרָשׁמָדַדto measureto measureמָדַד
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in Nehemiah 3:6

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
וְאֵת֩ve.'Et and the object marker H853 Conjunction · particle
10,946× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the original Hebrew, this word points out the object of a verb or preposition, like 'namely' or 'even'. It appears in many books, including Genesis and Exodus. It's not directly translated in English, but helps clarify the meaning of sentences.
Tyndale gloss
[Obj.]
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֵת (eth) is primarily a grammatical marker in Hebrew, indicating the definite direct object of a verb. It is not translated into English and typically precedes nouns that are definite. The word is derived from a demonstrative sense of entity, related to the Hebrew word for 'self.' Its Aramaic equivalent is יָת (yat).

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H853 אֵת the mark of the accusative, prefixed as a rule only to nouns that are definite

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

853 'eth ayth

apparent contracted from 226 in the demonstrative sense of

entity; properly, self (but generally used to point out more

definitely the object of a verb or preposition, even or

namely):--(as such unrepresented in English).

see HEBREW for 0226

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֵת (et) — [Obj.].

sign of the definite direct object, not translated in English but generally preceding and indicating the accusative

Aramaic equivalent: yat (יָת "whom" H3487)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/To — Conjunction · particle
HC/To
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
שַׁ֨עַרSha.'ar Gate H8179 Noun common · masculine singular absolute
374× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this Hebrew word means a gate or door, often referring to city entrances or temple doors, like in Genesis and Exodus. It can also symbolize a meeting place or marketplace. The word is used to describe important locations in the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
gate
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שַׁ֫עַר (sha'ar) means 'gate' and is derived from a root that signifies an opening. It encompasses various types of gates, including those of cities, palaces, and temples, as well as metaphorical uses like 'gate of heaven.' The entries consistently highlight its role as an entrance or threshold.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שַׁ֫עַר 373 n.m. gate

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8179 שַׁ֫עַר gate

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8179 sha`ar shah'-ar

from 8176 in its original sense; an opening, i.e. door or

gate:--city, door, gate, port (X -er).

see HEBREW for 08176

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate.

: gate

1) gate

1a) gate (of entrance)

1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)

1b1) city, town

1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)

1d) heaven

שַׁ֫עַר (sha.ar) — gate: town.

: town

1) gate

1a) gate (of entrance)

1b) gate (of space inside gate, i.e. marketplace, public meeting place)

1b1) city, town

1c) gate (of palace, royal castle, temple, court of tabernacle)

1d) heaven

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular absolute
HNcmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

gat (Hebrew normally (over 300 times) sha`ar; occasionally deleth, properly, "gateway" (but compare De 3:5); elsewhere the gateway is pethach (compare especially Ge 19:6); Aramaic tera`; Greek pulon, pule; the English Revised Version and the King James Version add caph, "threshold," in 1Ch 9:19,22; and the King James Version adds delathayim, "double-door," in Isa 45:1; thura, "door," Ac 3:2):

(1) The usual gateway was provided with double doors, swung on projections that fitted into sockets in the sill and lintel. Ordinarily the material was wood (Ne 2:3,17), but greater…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Gate

(1.) Of cities, as of Jerusalem (Jer. 37:13; Neh. 1:3; 2:3; 3:3), of Sodom (Gen. 19:1), of Gaza (Judg. 16:3).

(2.) Of royal palaces (Neh. 2:8).

(3.) Of the temple of Solomon (1 Kings 6:34, 35; 2 Kings 18:16); of the holy place (1 Kings 6:31, 32; Ezek. 41:23, 24); of the outer courts of the temple, the beautiful gate (Acts 3:2).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

The gate and gateways of eastern cities anciently held and still hold an important part, not only in the defence but in the public economy of the place. They are thus sometimes taken as representing the city itself. (Genesis 22:17; 24:60; 12:12; Judges 5:8; Ruth 4:10; Psalms 87:2; 122:2) Among the special purposes for which they were used may be mentioned. As places of public resort. (Genesis 19:1; 23:10; 34:20; 24; 1 Samuel 4:18) etc. Places for public deliberation, administration of Justice, or of audience for kings and rulers or ambassadors. (16:18; 21:19; 25:7;

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

The gates of eastern walled towns were usually of wood, Jud 16:3, often covered with thick plates of iron or copper, Ps 107:16 Isa 45:2 Ac 12:10, secured by bolts and bars, De 3:5 1Ki 4:13, and flanked by towers, 2Sa 18:24,33. A city was usually regarded as taken when its gates were won, De 28:52 Jud 5:8. Hence "gate" sometimes signifies power, dominion; almost in the same sense as the Turkish sultan’s…

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
הַיְשָׁנָ֜הhay.sha.Nah the Jeshanah H3465 Particle
7× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means old or something that has been stored, like the old things in the temple in 2 Kings 12:9. It describes something that has been around for a long time.
Amplified meaning
old, ancient
Tyndale gloss
old
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יָשָׁן (yashan) means 'old,' with connotations of being withered or lifeless, similar to a drooping plant. It is derived from the root word for 'to be old' and can also refer to storage or something that is stored. The entries do not provide significant disagreement.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יָשָׁן adj. old (orig., as it seems, withered, flabby, like a lifeless plant with top hanging down, as if in sleep)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3465 יָשָׁן old (orig., as it seems, withered, flabby, like a lifeless plant with top hanging down, as if in sleep)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3465 yashan yaw-shawn'

from 3462; old:--old.

see HEBREW for 03462

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יָשָׁן (ya.shan) — (Gate of) Yeshanah.

old, store, storage

Also named: ye.sha.nah (יְשָׁנָה "(Gate of )Yeshanah" H3466H)

יָשָׁן (ya.shan) — old.

old, store, storage

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Particle
HTd/Aafsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

jesh'-a-na, je-sha'-na (yeshanah): A town named with Bethel and Ephron among the places taken by Abijah from Jeroboam (2Ch 13:19). Most scholars are agreed that the same name should be read instead of ha-shen, in 1Sa 7:12. It is probably identical with the Isanas, of Josephus (Ant., XIV, xv, 12). It is represented by the modern `Ain Sinia, 3 1/4 miles North of Bethel, with a spring and interesting ancient remains.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Jeshanah

A city of the kingdom of Israel (2 Chr. 13:19).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(old), a town which, with its dependent villages, was one of the three taken from Jeroboam by Abijah. (2 Chronicles 13:19)

Nave's Topical Bible

→ A city on the north side of Benjamin 2Ch 13:19

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
הֶחֱזִ֗יקוּhe.che.Zi.ku they repaired H2388 Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person common plural
291× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
To strengthen means to be strong or courageous, and can also mean to seize or conquer, as seen in various KJV translations.
Tyndale gloss
to strengthen: strengthen
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word חָזַק (chazaq) means to be strong or to strengthen. It encompasses a range of meanings including to support, encourage, and make firm, as well as to seize or hold fast. The word can be used in various forms, such as to strengthen oneself or to display strength. There is no significant disagreement among lexicons regarding its meanings.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

חָזַק 291 vb. be or grow firm, strong, strengthen

Qal

intrans. be or grow strong

transit. only strengthened him not

Pi.

make strong (physically)

strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage

make strong = bold, encourage

make firm

make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden

Hiph.

make strong, strengthen

make firm, the kingdom

display strength

make severe, of battle

support

= repair

prevail

esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp

Hithp.

strengthen oneself

put forth strength, use one's strength

withstand

hold strongly with

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2388 חָזַק be or grow firm, strong, strengthen .. intrans. be or grow strong

. transit. only strengthened him not

. . make strong (physically)

. strengthen the hands (acc.) of anyone, sustain, encourage

. make strong = bold, encourage

. make firm

. make rigid, hard, i.e. perverse, obstinate, harden

. . . make strong, strengthen

. make firm, the kingdom

. display strength

. make severe, of battle

. support

. = repair

. prevail

. esp. take or keep hold of, seize, grasp

. . strengthen oneself

. put forth strength, use one's strength

. withstand

. hold strongly with

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2388 chazaq khaw-zak'

a primitive root; to fasten upon; hence, to seize, be strong

(figuratively, courageous, causatively strengthen, cure, help,

repair, fortify), obstinate; to bind, restrain, conquer:--aid,

amend, X calker, catch, cleave, confirm, be constant,

constrain, continue, be of good (take) courage(-ous, -ly),

encourage (self), be established, fasten, force, fortify, make

hard, harden, help, (lay) hold (fast), lean, maintain, play

the man, mend, become (wax) mighty, prevail, be recovered,

repair, retain, seize, be (wax) sore, strengthen (self), be

stout, be (make, shew, wax) strong(-er), be sure, take (hold),

be urgent, behave self valiantly, withstand.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

חָזַק (cha.zaq) — to strengthen: strengthen.

: strengthen/support/encourage

1) to strengthen, prevail, harden, be strong, become strong, be courageous, be firm, grow firm, be resolute, be sore

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to be strong, grow strong

1a1a) to prevail, prevail upon

1a1b) to be firm, be caught fast, be secure

1a1c) to press, be urgent

1a1d) to grow stout, grow rigid, grow hard (bad sense)

1a1e) to be severe, be grievous

1a2) to strengthen

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to make strong

1b2) to restore to strength, give strength

1b3) to strengthen, sustain, encourage

1b4) to make strong, make bold, encourage

1b5) to make firm

1b6) to make rigid, make hard

1c) (Hiphil)

1c1) to make strong, strengthen

1c2) to make firm

1c3) to display strength

1c4) to make severe

1c5) to support

1c6) to repair

1c7) to prevail, prevail upon

1c8) to have or take or keep hold of, retain, hold up, sustain, support

1c9) to hold, contain

1d) (Hithpael)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Hiphil-Perf-3cp — Verb · Hiphil · perfect third person common plural
HVhp3cp
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
יֽוֹיָדָע֙yo.ya.Da' Joiada H3111 Noun proper masculine
5× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Joiada or Jehoiada means 'Jehovah knows' and was the name of two Israelites, including a son of Eliashib and father of Johanan.
Amplified meaning
Jehovah knows
Tyndale gloss
Joiada
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

יוֹיָדָע (Yowyada`) refers to two individuals in the Old Testament, both associated with the time of Exile and Return. One is a builder mentioned in Nehemiah 3:6, son of Paseah, and the other is a high priest, son of Eliashib, noted in Nehemiah 12:10 and 13:28. The name means 'Jehovah knows.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יְהוֹיָדָע, יוֹיָדָע n.pr.m. (י׳ knoweth)

father of Benaiah

(chief) priest at Jerus. in time of Joash

a builder at wall of Jerus., with Nehemiah

son of h. p. Eliashib

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3111 יְהוֹיָדָע, יוֹיָדָע

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3111 Yowyada` yo-yaw-daw'

a form of 3077; Jojada, the name of two

Israelites:--Jehoiada, Joiada.

see HEBREW for 03077

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יוֹיָדָע (yo.ya.da) — Joiada.

A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Neh.3.6;

son of: Paseah (H6454I)

§ Joiada or Jehoiada = "Jehovah knows"

1) son of Paseah, who assisted to repair the old gate of Jerusalem

2) son of the high priest Eliashib in the time of Nehemiah

יוֹיָדָע (yo.ya.da) — Joiada.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Neh.12.10;

son of: Eliashib (H0475N);

father of: Johanan (H3110L) and son_of_Joiada (H3111I); also called Jehoiada at Neh.13.28;

§ Joiada or Jehoiada = "Jehovah knows"

1) son of Paseah, who assisted to repair the old gate of Jerusalem

2) son of the high priest Eliashib in the time of Nehemiah

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

joi'-a-da (yoyadha`, "Yahweh knows"; compare JEHOIADA):

(1) A repairer of the Jerusalem walls (Ne 3:6); the King James Version "Jehoiada."

(2) Son of Eliashib the high priest (Ne 12:10,11,22; 13:28).

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Joiada

(whom Jehovah favours) = Jehoiada. (1.) Neh. 3:6. (2.) One of the high priests (12:10, 11, 22).

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Son and successor of Eliashib in the high priesthood Ne 12:10,11,22; 13:28

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
בֶּן־ben- [the] son of H1121 Noun common · masculine singular construct
4,943× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Tyndale gloss
son: child
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּן 4870 n.m. son

son, male child, born of a woman

children (male and female)

youth, young men

the young of animals

of plant shoots

fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

member of a guild, order or class

of animals son of (the) herd

ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

n. relat. of age

base

בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman

. children (male and female)

. youth, young men

. the young of animals

. of plant shoots

. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

. . member of a guild, order or class

. of animals son of (the) herd

. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

. n. relat. of age

H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1121 ben bane

from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the

widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,

including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,

etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)

(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,

(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,

bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X

came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of

first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +

kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)

people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +

spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous

one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

see HEBREW for 01129

see HEBREW for 01

see HEBREW for 0251

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּן (ben) — son: child.

: child/son

בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;

son of: Jaaziah (H3269);

brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)

§ Beno = "his son"

the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)

בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.

: descendant, people, tribe, nation

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : child/son

בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.

: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : descendant

בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.

: rebel/son(Belial)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : people/men/nation/tribe

בֵּן (ben) — son.

: [inheriting]son/heir

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.

: warrior/son(strong)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
פָּסֵ֔חַpa.Se.ach Paseah H6454 Noun proper masculine
4× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Paseah was the name of two Israelites, one of whom lived during the time of Nehemiah and helped repair the wall of Jerusalem. His name means limper.
Tyndale gloss
Paseah
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

פָּסֵחַ (Paseach) means "limper" and refers to a man from the tribe of Judah. He is noted as the father of Jehoiada, a wall-builder in Nehemiah, and is linked to a family of temple slaves returning from exile. The name appears in contexts related to the Exile and Return, specifically in 1 Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

פָּסֵחַ n.pr.m. (limper)

in Judah

head of post-ex. family

father of wall-builder

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6454 פָּסֵחַ

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6454 Paceach paw-say'-akh

from 6452; limping; Paseach, the name of two

Israelites:--Paseah, Phaseah.

see HEBREW for 06452

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

פָּסֵחַ (pa.se.ach) — Paseah.

A man of the tribe of Judah living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.4.12;

son of: Eshton (H0850);

brother of: Beth-rapha (H1051) , Tehinnah (H8468)

§ Paseah or Phaseah = "limper"

1) son of Eshton of the tribe of Judah

2) ancestor of a family of temple slaves who returned from exile with Zerubbabel

3) father of Jehoiada, one who helped repair the wall of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah

פָּסֵחַ (pa.se.ach) — Paseah.

A man living at the time of Exile and Return, first mentioned at Ezr.2.49

§ Paseah or Phaseah = "limper"

1) son of Eshton of the tribe of Judah

2) ancestor of a family of temple slaves who returned from exile with Zerubbabel

3) father of Jehoiada, one who helped repair the wall of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah

פָּסֵחַ (pa.se.ach) — Paseah.

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

pa-se'-a, pas'-e-a (paceach "limping"):

(1) A son of Eshton, descendant of Judah (1Ch 4:12).

(2) The eponym of a family of Nethinim (Ezr 2:49; Ne 7:51, the King James Version "Phaseah" equals "Phinoe" (1 Esdras 5:31).

(3) Father of Joiada, who helped to repair the old gate (Ne 3:6).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(lame). Son of Eshton, in an obscure fragment of the genealogies of Judah. (1 Chronicles 4:12) The "sons of Paseah" were among the Nethinim who returned with Zerubbabel. (Ezra 2:49)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

passing over; halting

Nave's Topical Bible

1. Also called PHASEAH

A son of Eshton 1Ch 4:12

2. Ancestor of a family which returned to Jerusalem from captivity in Babylon Ezr 2:49; Ne 7:51

3. Father of Jehoiada, probably identical with number two Ne 3:6

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
וּמְשֻׁלָּ֖םu.me.shu.Lam and Meshullam H4918 Conjunction · noun proper masculine
25× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Meshullam was a common name in the Bible, given to 17 different Israelites, including a grandfather of a scribe and a son of Zerubbabel. The name means friend and is mentioned in books like Nehemiah and Chronicles.
Amplified meaning
given of God
Tyndale gloss
Meshullam
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מְשֻׁלָּם (Mshullam) is a Hebrew name meaning 'friend.' It refers to several individuals in the Old Testament, including a grandfather of Shaphan, a son of Zerubbabel, and various Benjamites and Levites involved in rebuilding Jerusalem. The name appears in contexts related to the Divided Monarchy and post-exilic restoration, notably in 2 Kings 22:3 and Ezra 10:29.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מְשֻׁלָּם n.pr.m.

grandfather of Shaphan

son of Zerub.

in Benj.

in Gad

wall-builders

a chief

priests

Levites

Ezr 10:29.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4918 מְשֻׁלָּם

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4918 Mshullam mesh-ool-lawm'

from 7999; allied; Meshullam, the name of seventeen

Israelites:--Meshullam.

see HEBREW for 07999

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מְשֻׁלָּם (me.shul.lam) — Meshullam.

A man living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 2Ki.22.3;

father of: Azaliah (H0683)

§ Meshullam = "friend"

1) grandfather of Shaphan, the scribe

2) son of Zerubbabel

3) a Benjamite of the sons of Elpaal

4) a Benjamite, father of Sallu

5) a Benjamite who lived at Jerusalem after the captivity

6) a Benjamite

6a) perhaps the same as 3 or 4

7) a Gadite in the reign of king Jotham of Judah

8) son of Berechiah who assisted in rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem

9) son of Besodeiah who assisted Jehoiada the son of Paseah in restoring the old gate of Jerusalem

10) a chief of the people who sealed the covenant with Nehemiah

11) father of Hilkiah and high priest probably in the reign of king Amon of Judah

11a) perhaps the same as 'Shallum'

12) a priest, son of Meshillemith or Meshillemoth, son of Immer, and ancestor of Maasiai or Amashai

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-proper — Conjunction · noun proper masculine
HC/Npm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

me-shul'-am (meshullam, "resigned" or "devoted"; compare Arabic Muslim; Mesollam): An Old Testament name very common in post-exilic times.

(1) The grandfather of Shaphan (2Ki 22:3).

(2) A son of Zerubbabel (1Ch 3:19).

(3) A Gadite (1Ch 5:13).

(4) (5) (6) Three Benjamites (1Ch 8:17; 9:7,8).

(7) The father of Hilkiah (1Ch 9:11; Ne 11:11).

(8) A priest, son of Meshillemith (1Ch 9:12); the parallel list (Ne 11:13) omits the name.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Meshullam

Befriended. (1.) One of the chief Gadites in Bashan in the time of Jotham (1 Chr. 5:13).

(2.) Grandfather of Shaphan, “the scribe,” in the reign of Josiah (2 Kings 22:3).

(3.) A priest, father of Hilkiah (1 Chr. 9:11; Neh. 11:11), in the reign of Ammon; called Shallum in 1 Chr. 6:12.

(4.) A Levite of the family of Kohath (2 Chr. 34:12), in the reign of Josiah.

(5.) 1 Chr. 8:17.

(6.) 1 Chr. 3:19.

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(friend). Ancestor of Shaphan the scribe. (2 Kings 22:3) The son of Zerubbabel. (1 Chronicles 3:19) A Gadite in the reign of Jotham king of Judah. (1 Chronicles 5:13) A Benjamite, of the sons of Elpaal. (1 Chronicles 8:17) A Benjamite, father of Sallu. (1 Chronicles 9:7; Nehemiah 11:7) A Benjamite who lived at Jerusalem after the captivity. (1 Chronicles 9:8) The same as Shallum, who was high priest probably in the reign of Amon, and father of Hilkiah. (1 Chronicles…

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
בֶּן־ben- [the] son of H1121 Noun common · masculine singular construct
4,943× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
In the Bible, this word means a son or descendant, and can also refer to a grandson, nation, or quality. It appears in 1 Chronicles 24, describing a Levite named Beno. The word is used to show family relationships and inheritance.
Tyndale gloss
son: child
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בֵּן (ben) means 'son' or 'male child' and encompasses a wide range of meanings, including descendants, young animals, and even figurative uses like sparks or arrows. It can refer to members of a tribe or class and is used in various contexts throughout the Old Testament, such as in 1 Chronicles 24:26. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to build' and implies a connection to family or lineage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בֵּן 4870 n.m. son

son, male child, born of a woman

children (male and female)

youth, young men

the young of animals

of plant shoots

fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

member of a guild, order or class

of animals son of (the) herd

ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

n. relat. of age

base

בְּנוֹ 1 Ch 24:26, 27 as n.pr.m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son, cf. VB & Be Öt.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1121a בֵּן son . son, male child, born of a woman

. children (male and female)

. youth, young men

. the young of animals

. of plant shoots

. fig. of lifeless things, sparks, stars, arrows

. . member of a guild, order or class

. of animals son of (the) herd

. ב׳ as n. relat. followed by word of quality, characteristic, etc.

. n. relat. of age

H1121b בְּנוֹ as n. pr. m. in AV, RV, but render: the sons of Jaaziah his son, & the sons of Merari by Jaaziah his son

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1121 ben bane

from 1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the

widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship,

including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition,

etc., (like 1, 251, etc.)):--+ afflicted, age, (Ahoh-)

(Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-)ite, (anoint-)ed one, appointed to,

(+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-)ian, one born,

bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, X

came up in, child, colt, X common, X corn, daughter, X of

first, + firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, X in, +

kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+)

people, + rebel, + robber, X servant born, X soldier, son, +

spark, + steward, + stranger, X surely, them of, + tumultuous

one, + valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.

see HEBREW for 01129

see HEBREW for 01

see HEBREW for 0251

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בֵּן (ben) — son: child.

: child/son

בְּנוֹ (be.no) — Beno.

A man of the tribe of Levi living at the time of Divided Monarchy, first mentioned at 1Ch.24.26;

son of: Jaaziah (H3269);

brother of: Shoham (H7719), Zaccur (H2139I) and Ibri (H5681)

§ Beno = "his son"

the sons of Jaaziah and the sons of Merari by Jaahziah (his son)

בֵּן (ben) — son: descendant/people.

: descendant, people, tribe, nation

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : child/son

בֵּן (ben) — son: young animal.

: calf/lamb/young(ANIMAL)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : descendant

בֵּן (ben) — son: type of.

: rebel/son(Belial)

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

§ : people/men/nation/tribe

בֵּן (ben) — son.

: [inheriting]son/heir

A sub-meaning of ben (בֵּן ": child" H1121)

בֵּן (ben) — son: warrior.

: warrior/son(strong)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-ms — Noun common · masculine singular construct
HNcmsc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
בְּסֽוֹדְיָ֑הbe.sod.Yah Besodeiah H1152 Noun proper masculine
1× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Besodeiah was an Israelite who lived during the Exile and Return, and was the father of Meshullam, one of the repairers of Jerusalem's wall. His name means 'with the counsel of Jehovah'.
Tyndale gloss
Besodeiah
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בְסוֹדְיָ֑ה (Besodeiah) is a proper name meaning 'in the counsel of Jehovah' or 'in the secret of the Lord.' It refers to an Israelite mentioned in Nehemiah 3:6, who was the father of Meshullam. The name is derived from the Hebrew words for 'counsel' and 'Jehovah,' indicating a connection to divine guidance.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְסוֹדְיָ֑ה n.pr.m. (? in the secret of Yah) Israelite in Nehemiah’s time Ne 3:6.

done

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1152 בְסוֹדְיָ֑ה

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1152 Bcowdyah bes-o-deh-yaw'

from 5475 and 3050 with prepositional prefix; in (the)

counsel of Jehovah; Besodejah, an Israelite:--Besodeiah.

see HEBREW for 05475

see HEBREW for 03050

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּסוֹדְיָ֑ה (be.so.de.yah) — Besodeiah.

A man living at the time of Exile and Return, only mentioned at Neh.3.6;

father of: Meshullam (H4918S)

§ Besodeiah = "with the counsel of Jehovah" or "in the secret of the Lord"

father of one of the repairers of the wall of Jerusalem in the time of Nehemiah

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-proper — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bes-o-de'-ya, bes-o-di'-a (becodheyah, "in the confidence or counsel of Yah"; compare Jer 23:18,22; and HPN, 207, 221, 286): Father of Meshullam, the builder (Ne 3:6).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(n the secret of the Lord) father of one of the repairers of the wall of Jerusalem. (Nehemiah 3:6)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

counsel of the Lord

Nave's Topical Bible

→ Father of Meshullam Ne 3:6

and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
הֵ֣מָּהHe.mah they H1992 Pronoun
553× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word is used to refer to a group of men, emphasizing that it is specifically them. It is often translated as 'they' or 'them' in the Bible, and appears in books like Exodus and Isaiah.
Tyndale gloss
they(masc.)
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הֵ֫מָּה (hemmah) is a masculine plural pronoun meaning 'they.' The entries indicate that it can also mean 'these,' 'the same,' or refer to people in an emphatic context. There is no significant disagreement among the lexicons regarding its usage.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הֵ֫מָּה and הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) pron. 3 pl. masc. they

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1992 הֵ֫מָּה, הֵם (without appreciable distinction in usage, except prob. in so far as the longer or shorter form was better adapted to the rhythm of particular sentences) they

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1992 hem haym

or (prolonged) hemmah {haym'-maw}; masculine plural from

1981; they (only used when emphatic):--it, like, X (how, so)

many (soever, more as) they (be), (the) same, X so, X such,

their, them, these, they, those, which, who, whom, withal, ye.

see HEBREW for 01981

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הֵ֫מָּה (hem.mah) — they(masc.).

they, these, the same, who

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Pron — Pronoun
HPp3mp
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
קֵר֔וּהוּke.Ru.hu they made beams for it H7136 Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
27× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This Hebrew word means to lay beams, or to build with beams. It is used in the book of Exodus to describe the construction of the tabernacle. The word is used to describe a building process.
Amplified meaning
to meet, construct with beams
Tyndale gloss
to meet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word קָרָה (qarah) has two main meanings. It can refer to encountering or meeting, often by chance, as well as to the act of laying beams in construction. The entries indicate its use in various forms, such as Qal, Niphal, and Hiphil, covering both accidental meetings and intentional building actions.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[קָרָה] vb. encounter, meet, befall

Qal

encounter, meet

befall

Niph.

encounter, meet without pre-arrangement

chance to be present

Hiph.

of י׳, cause (the right thing, good fortune) to occur

of Israel, ye shall (cause cities to occur rightly for yourselves, i.e.) select cities as suitable.

base

[קָרָה] vb. denom. Pi. lay the beams of, furnish with beams

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7136a קָרָה encounter, meet, befall H7136b קָרָה vb. denom. Pi. lay the beams of, furnish with beams

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7136 qarah kaw-raw'

a primitive root; to light upon (chiefly by accident);

causatively, to bring about; specifically, to impose timbers

(for roof or floor):--appoint, lay (make) beams, befall,

bring, come (to pass unto), floor, (hap) was, happen (unto),

meet, send good speed.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

קָרָה (qa.rah) — to meet.

1) to encounter, meet, befall, happen, come to meet

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to encounter, meet

1a2) to befall

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to encounter, meet (without pre-arrangement)

1b2) to chance to be present

1b3) to come to meet

1c) (Hiphil) to cause to meet, appoint

קָרָה (qa.rah) — to lay beams.

1) to build with beams

1a) (Piel) to lay the beams of, furnish with beams

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
V-Piel-Perf-3cp | Suff — Verb piel perfect third person common plural · suffix
HVpp3cp/Sp3ms
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
וַֽיַּעֲמִ֙ידוּ֙vai.ya.'a.Mi.du and they set up H5975 Verb · Hiphil · sequential imperfect third person masculine plural
521× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means 'to stand' in a strong sense, like in Exodus 17:12 where Moses stood with his arms up to help Israel win a battle.
Tyndale gloss
to stand: stand
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word עָמַד (amad) means to stand and encompasses a variety of related actions such as remaining, enduring, and taking a stand. It can refer to both literal and figurative stances, including presenting oneself or being appointed. The word appears in various contexts, including standing still, ceasing movement, and even serving. There are different forms of the verb, such as Qal, Hiphil, and Hophal, each with specific nuances.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָמַד 620 take one's stand, stand

Qal 435

take one's stand, and (esp. pt.) stand, be in a standing attitude

stand forth

take a stand against, in opposition to

present oneself before

attend upon, be(come) servant of

stand afar

stand (silent)

stand (appealingly)

stand, subj. רֶגֶל

stand, of water

stand still, stop, cease moving

= be inactive

= be attentive

stop, cease doing a thing

tarry, delay

remain

continue, abide

endure

be steadfast

persist

make a stand, hold one's ground

stand upright

arise, appear, come on the scene

stand forth, appear = come into being

rise up as foe

rare usages

Hiph.

83station, set

cause to stand firm

cause to stand up, set up, erect

present one before king

appoint

other meanings

Hoph. be presented

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H5975 עָמַד take one's stand, stand .. . take one's stand, and (esp. pt.) stand, be in a standing attitude

. stand forth

. take a stand against, in opposition to

. present oneself before

. attend upon, be(come) servant of

. stand afar

. stand (silent)

. stand (appealingly)

. stand, subj. רֶגֶל

. stand, of water

. . stand still, stop, cease moving

. = be inactive

. = be attentive

. stop, cease doing a thing

. . tarry, delay

. remain

. continue, abide

. endure

. be steadfast

. persist

. make a stand, hold one's ground

. stand upright

. . arise, appear, come on the scene

. stand forth, appear = come into being

. rise up as foe

. rare usages

. . station, set

. cause to stand firm

. cause to stand up, set up, erect

. present one before king

. appoint

. other meanings

. be presented

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

5975 `amad aw-mad'

a primitive root; to stand, in various relations (literal and

figurative, intransitive and transitive):--abide (behind),

appoint, arise, cease, confirm, continue, dwell, be employed,

endure, establish, leave, make, ordain, be (over), place, (be)

present (self), raise up, remain, repair, + serve, set (forth,

over, -tle, up), (make to, make to be at a, with-)stand (by,

fast, firm, still, up), (be at a) stay (up), tarry.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָמַד (a.mad) — to stand: stand.

: stand/stop/establish

1) to stand, remain, endure, take one's stand

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to stand, take one's stand, be in a standing attitude, stand forth, take a stand, present oneself, attend upon, be or become servant of

1a2) to stand still, stop (moving or doing), cease

1a3) to tarry, delay, remain, continue, abide, endure, persist, be steadfast

1a4) to make a stand, hold one's ground

1a5) to stand upright, remain standing, stand up, rise, be erect, be upright

1a6) to arise, appear, come on the scene, stand forth, appear, rise up or against

1a7) to stand with, take one's stand, be appointed, grow flat, grow insipid

1b) (Hiphil)

1b1) to station, set

1b2) to cause to stand firm, maintain

1b3) to cause to stand up, cause to set up, erect

1b4) to present (one) before (king)

1b5) to appoint, ordain, establish

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | V-Hiphil-ConsecImperf-3mp — Verb · Hiphil · sequential imperfect third person masculine plural
Hc/Vhw3mp
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
דַּלְתֹתָ֔יוdal.to.Tav doors its H1817 Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
88× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A door is something that swings, like the valve of a door or gate. In the Bible, doors can represent entrance or access, as seen in Psalm 141:3 where David asks God to set a door on his lips.
Amplified meaning
swinging valves, gate entrances
Tyndale gloss
door
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

דָּל (dal), דָּלָה (da.lah), and דֶּ֫לֶת (de.let) all refer to a 'door' or 'gate' in Hebrew. The entries indicate various uses, including literal doors and figurative meanings, such as a door of a chamber or even metaphorical doors in poetry. Notably, dal is mentioned in Psalm 141:3.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

[דָּל] n.[m.] door only fig.: ψ 141:3.

ref

[דָּלָה] n.f. door, Is 26:20 fig., door of chamber in which people (personified) hides

ref

דֶּ֫לֶת n.f. door

door of house

door of room

gates of city

in other senses

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1817a דָּל door H1817b דָּלָה door H1817c דֶּ֫לֶת door

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1817 deleth deh'-leth

from 1802; something swinging, i.e. the valve of a

door:--door (two-leaved), gate, leaf, lid. (In Psa. 141:3,

dal, irreg.).

see HEBREW for 01802

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

דָּל (dal) — door.

door (fig.)

דָּלָה (da.lah) — door.

door (fig., door of chamber in which people (personified) hide)

דֶּ֫לֶת (de.let) — door.

1) door, gate

1a) a door

1b) a gate

1c) (fig.)

1c1) of chest lid

1c2) of crocodile jaws

1c3) of doors of the heavens

1c4) of an easily-accessible woman

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
N-fp | Suff — Noun common feminine plural construct · suffix
HNcfpc/Sp3ms
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
וּמַנְעֻלָ֖יוu.man.'u.Lav and bolts its H4514 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
6× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A bolt, like a lock or a bar, is what this Hebrew word means. It is used in the Bible to describe a way to secure or fasten something, like a door or a gate.
Amplified meaning
locks, security fasteners
Tyndale gloss
bolt
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

מַנְעוּל (man`uwl) refers to a bolt or lock, specifically mentioned in the context of a house door in Canticles 5:5. It is derived from a root meaning to lock or secure, indicating its function in fastening.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

מַנְעוּל n.[m.] bolt;—abs. Ct 5:5 (of house-door)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H4514 מַנְעוּל, מַנְעֻל

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

4514 man`uwl man-ool'

or maniul {man-ool'}; from 5274; a bolt:--lock.

see HEBREW for 05274

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

מַנְעוּל (man.ul) — bolt.

bolt

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
and the object marker Gate the Jeshanah they repaired Joiada [the] son of Paseah and Meshullam [the] son of Besodeiah they they made beams for it and they set up doors its and bolts its and bars its
וּבְרִיחָֽיו׃ סu.ve.ri.Chav and bars its H1280 Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
40× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A bar or bolt, often made of wood, used to secure city gates or as a symbol of tribulation. It represents a fortress or a prison.
Amplified meaning
wooden security rods, fortifications
Tyndale gloss
bar
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

בְּרִיחַ (briyach) refers to a bar, particularly one made of wood, often associated with city gates. It can also metaphorically denote tribulation or a fortress, suggesting confinement or protection. The word is derived from a root meaning 'to bolt' or 'secure'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

בְּרִיחַ n.m. bar

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1280 בְּרִיחַ bar

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1280 briyach ber-ee'-akh

from 1272; a bolt:--bar, fugitive.

see HEBREW for 01272

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

בְּרִיחַ (be.ri.ach) — bar.

1) bar

1a) of wood

1b) of city gates

2) of tribulation, a fortress, of the earth as a prison (fig.)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
Conj | N-mp | Suff — Conjunction · noun common masculine plural construct · suffix
HC/Ncmpc/Sp3ms
Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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