James 5

Chap. 5 contains five distinct sections; of great interest is the fact that the first two— 1– 6, 7– 11— deal respectively with Jewish and Christian Eschatology; this subject will be dealt with presently; James 5:12 is a short section containing an adaptation of some words from the “ Sermon on the Mount” ; 13– 18 deals with the subject of the visitation of the sick in the early Church; while James 5:19-20 bring the Epistle to an abrupt termination with a very pronounced utterance upon the Jewish doctrine of works. Each of these sections is self-contained, and it would be impossible to have a clearer or more pointed illustration than this chapter offers of the “ patchwork” character of our Epistle. It will not be necessary, in dealing with the very large subject of Jewish Eschatology, to do more than indicate very briefly its connection with the section James 5:1-6 of this chapter; at the same time, a slight reference to its leading ideas is essential, as some of these are referred in this passage; one of these is the punishment about to overtake the wicked— who are often identified with the rich— in the “ last days” . Jewish Eschatology, or the “ Doctrine of the last things,” is based on the teaching of the O.T. prophets regarding the “ Day of the Lord,” or, as the phrase runs, “ the last day,” or “ last time” ; another formula which occurs frequently is “ in those days” . “ By the time of the New Testament period Judaism was in possession of most, if not all, of its eschatological ideas. These had been developed during the two eventful centuries that immediately preceded the rise of Christianity. It was these centuries which saw the rise of the Apocalyptic Movement with its vast eschatological developments that were essentially bound up with the doctrine of a future life, and a belief in a judgment after death, with rewards and punishments” (Oesterley and Box, op. cit., p. 211). The four outstanding subjects that the doctrine of the last things comprises are: (1) The signs of the approach of the “ Messianic Era”— this latter took the place of the “ Day of the Lord” in the development of eschatological thought, (2) the actual advent of the Messiah, together with the great events that should then come to pass, viz., the ingathering of Israel and the resurrection of the dead; (3) The judgment upon the wicked; (4) The blessedness of the righteous (Cf. the writer’ s The Doctrine of the Last Things). In the passage before us (James 5:1-6) three of the above are referred to, viz., the Messianic Era; the punishment of the wicked, and (implicitly) the blessedness of the righteous.

In James 5:3 the phrase ἐνἐσχάταιςἡμέραις points indubitably to the times of the Messiah; the language is that of Jewish Eschatology based on prophetic teaching (cf. Isaiah 2:2; Micah 4:1; Hosea 3:5; Joe 3:1; Amos 8:11; Amos 9:11; Zechariah 8:23).

In James 5:1; James 5:3 the punishment of the wicked is referred in the words, κλαύσατεὀλολύζοντεςἐπὶταῖςταλαιπωρίαιςὑμῶνταῖςἐπερχομέναις: … καὶὁἰὸςαὐτῶν … φάγεταιτὰςσάρκαςὑμῶνὡςπῦρ; as illustrating this cf. Book of Enoch xcvi. 8, “ Woe unto you mighty who violently oppress the righteous, for the day of your destruction will come; in that time many happy days will come for the righteous, then shall ye be condemned” ; xciv. 7, 8, 9, “ Woe to those that build their houses with sin …; and those who acquire gold and silver will perish in judgment suddenly. Woe to you, ye rich, for ye have trusted in your riches.… Ye have committed blasphemy and unrighteousness, and have become ready for the day of slaughter and the day of darkness and the day of the great judgment” ; xcv. 7, “ Woe to you sinners, for ye persecute the righteous …; xcvi, 4, “ Woe unto you, ye sinners, for your riches make you appear like the righteous … and this word shall be a testimony against you” ; many other similar quotations could be given, the striking resemblance in thought and language with our passage cannot fail to be observed; see further below, James 5:1. And lastly, in James 5:6, there is an implicit reference to the happiness of the righteous, in the words, κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατετὸνδίκαιον· οὐκἀντιτάσσεταιὑμῖν; that is to say, the righteous can afford to suffer such ill-treatment because he knows that the time of essedness is coming for him; this is also frequently referred to in the Book of Enoch, e.g., xcvi. 1, “ Be hopeful, ye righteous; for suddenly will the sinners perish before you, and ye will have lordship over them according to your desires; 3, Wherefore, fear not, ye that suffer; for healing will be your portion” . The non-mention in our passage of the actual advent of the Messiah by name was characteristic of Jewish usage at certain periods, and is significant here. On the other hand, the section comprising James 5:7-11 is wholly Christian; the utterly different tone and language of this, as compared with the section James 5:1-6, cannot be accounted for by saying that the one is addressed to the wicked, the other to the righteous; because in the latter there is a distinct reference to those who are in danger of being judged on account of murmuring against one another (James 5:9).

But there are one or two points whereby the respectively Jewish and Christian form of Eschatology may be clearly discerned. (1) The language on which Jewish eschatological ideas are based is that of the prophets; the section James 5:1-6 is steeped in O.T. phraseology; on the other hand, the actual references to the Advent in James 5:7-11 are in N.T. language; the O.T. references in this section have nothing to do with the Advent. (2) It is characteristic of Jewish Eschatology that, generally speaking, there is indefiniteness as to when the Messianic Era will be inaugurated; it differs herein somewhat from the prophetical teaching, owing, as a matter of fact, to the rise of apocalyptic conceptions: on the other hand, the Christian, like the prophetical, view of the Advent is that it will take place in the very near future . (3) In Jewish pre-Christian eschatological literature the Messianic Era is frequently depicted without any reference to the personality of the Messiah; on the other hand, in the N.T., it is the rule that when the second Advent is referred to Christ is mentioned under the titles of the “ Son of Man” or the “ Lord” (cf. Matthew 10:23; Matthew 13:41-42; Matthew 16:27-28; Matthew 19:28; Matthew 25:31-33, etc., Philippians 4:5, ὁκύριοςἐγγύς, 1 Corinthians 16:22, μαρὰνἀθά, and see Didache, x. 6, εἴτιςἅγιόςἐστιν, ἐρχέσθω· εἴτιςοὐκἐστί, μετανοείτω· μαρὰνἀθά. ἀμήν). (4) Besides there being no reference to the personality of the Messiah in the Jewish eschatological section there is the further contrast between it and the Christian section that in the latter the distinctively Christian expression ἡπαρουσίατοῦκυρίου twice occurs; against this the Jewish section makes use of the distinctively Jewish title for God, the “ Lord of Sabaoth” . It is thus difficult to resist the conclusion that we have here, in the section James 5:1-6, a passage which did not originally belong to the Epistle at all, but was taken or adapted from some Jewish eschatological work; it will be generally acknowledged that this section has absolutely nothing specifically Christian about it. That the writer (compiler?) should have incorporated this in his Epistle is quite natural, seeing that he was writing to Jews; equally as natural is it that he should, as a Christian writing to (Jewish-) Christians, add the developed Christian form of the same subject, interspersing it with O.T. references for the sake of his hearers [see further, Bk. of Jubilees, i. 29, James 5:12, xxiii. 26– 30; Enoch, x. 13, xvi. 1; Ass. of Moses, i. 18, x. 13; Test. of the Twelve Patriarchs, Reuben, vi. 8; Apoc. Bar. xxvii. 15, xxix. 8, lvi. 2; 4 Esdr. 9:5].

James 5:1

James 5:1. Ἄγενῦν: See above James 4:13.—κλαύσατεὀλολύζοντεςἐπὶταῖςταλαιπωρίαιςὑμῶνταῖςἐπερχομέναις: according to the original prophetic conception these “ miseries” which were to overtake the wicked, were to come to pass in the “ Day of the Lord,” i.e., during the Messianic Era; this belief became extended during the development of ideas which took place during the two centuries preceding the Christian Era. Whatever the reasons were which brought about the belief, it is certain that the expression “ those days” came to be applied to a certain period which was immediately to precede the coming of the Messiah; without doubt a number of prophetical passages were regarded as suggesting this (see below). The descriptions given of these “ days,” which are to foretell the advent of the Messiah, belong to apocalyptic conceptions; in their general outline the “ signs” of these times are identical. Prophetical passages such as the following laid the foundation: “ The iniquity of Ephraim is bound up; his sin is laid up in store. The sorrows of a travailing woman shall come upon him …” ; then, on the other hand, “ I will ransom them from the power of the grave; I will redeem them from death …” (Hosea 13:12-14); again. “… The day of thy watchmen, even thy visitation, is come; now shall be their perplexity. Trust ye not in a friend, put ye not confidence in a guide … for the son dishonoureth the father, the daughter riseth up against her mother … a man’ s enemies are the men of his own house” (Micah 7:4-6); another characteristic which played a great part in the later apocalypse is contained in Joe 2:10 ff., “ the earth quaketh before them; the heavens tremble; the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars withdraw their shining.… Cf.

Zechariah 14:6 ff.; Daniel 12:1, etc., etc. Throughout the immense domain of apocalyptic literature these themes are developed to an enormous extent; they are familiar to us from the Gospels, Matthew 24, 25; Mark 13:14-27; Luke 21:9-19. In Jewish literature references to them also occur with frequency; this period is called the time of “ travail,” and more specifically, the “ birth-pangs,” or “ sufferings” of the Messiah—Cheble ha-Meshiach, or Cheblo shel Mashiach, see Pesikta rab., xxi. 34; Shabbath, 118a; Sanhedrin, 96b, 97a, etc., etc. See further Oesterley, The Doctrine of the Last Things, chap. 7. The great diffusion and immense popularity which the apocalyptic literature enjoyed makes it certain that the writer of our Epistle was familiar with the subject; the “ miseries,” therefore, referred to in the passage before us may quite possibly have reference to the sufferings which were to take place in the time of travail preceding the actual coming of the Messiah.—ὀλολύζοντες: only here in the N.T., but fairly frequent in the Septuagint, Isaiah 13:6; Joe 1:5; Joe 1:13; Jeremiah 4:8, etc.; in the first of these passages the connection is the same as here, … ἐγγὺςγὰρἡμέρακυρίου, and see Luke 6:24, “ Woe unto you rich …,” which is strongly reminiscent of the verse before us.

James 5:2

James 5:2. The use of the Hebraic prophetic perfects in this passage is another mark of Jewish authorship. ὁπλοῦτοςὑμῶν: this cannot refer to wealth in the abstract because this would be out of harmony with the rest of the verse which speaks of literal destruction; we have here precisely the same idea, as to actual destruction, as that which occurs in the eschatological passage Enoch, xcviii. 1 ff., where in reference to foolish men “ in royalty, and in grandeur, and in power, and in silver and in gold, and in purple …,” it says that “ they will perish thereby together with their possessions and with all their glory and their splendour” .—σέσηπεν: ἅπ. λεγ. in N.T., cf. Sir 14:19, πᾶνἔργονσηπόμε. νονἐκλείπει.—σητόβρωτα: ἅπ. λεγ· in N.T., cf. Job 13:28, παλαιοῦταιὥσπερἱμάτιονσητόβρωτον; Sir 42:13, ἀπὸγὰρἱματίωνἐκπορεύεταισής. For the form of the word cf. σκωληκόβρωτος in Acts 12:23.

James 5:3

James 5:3. κατίωται: in Sir 12:11 we have καὶγνώσῃὅτιοὐκεἰςτέλοςκατίωσεν in reference to a mirror; the Hebrew, which is followed by the Syriac, is corrupt, but evidently read ημΰδ, which is the same word used in the preceding verse (ἰοῦται); the Hebrew word may perhaps be used in the sense of “ filth” (see Oxford Hebrew Lexicon, s.v.), and possibly this more general term is what was originally intended in the verse before us, since gold cannot strictly be said to rust. The word occurs in one other passage viz., in Sir 29:10, but unfortunately the Hebrew for this is wanting. The force of the κατα is intensive.—ὁἰὸς: used in James 3:8 of the poison of the tongue, in a figurative sense; the meaning “ rust” is secondary.—εἰςμαρτύριονὑμῖνἔσται: this metaphor is quite in the Hebrew style; ςγ (= μαρτύριον), though generally used of persons, is in a fair number of instances used of inanimate things in the O.T.; cf. in the N.T. Mark 6:11; Luke 9:5.—φάγεται: a Hellenistic form, unclassical, cf. Sir 33:23 (Sept.) πᾶνβρῶμαφάγεταικοιλία, cf. Sir 11:19, Sir 45:21 (Sept.).—τὰςσάρκαςὑμῶν: “ The plural σάρκες is used for the fleshy parts of the body both in classical and later writers … while the singular σάρξ is used for the whole body” (Mayor); in the Septuagint we meet with a similar phrase in a number of cases, e.g., Micah 3:3.… κατέφαγοντὰςσάρκαςτοῦλαοῦμου; 2 Kings 9:36; in these and other instances the Hebrew αω�ψ (= σάρξ) is always in the singular (unlike “ blood,” which is often used in the plural).—ὡςπῦρ: this comparison must probably have been suggested by the fact that fire, in a literal sense, often figures in apocalyptic pictures, cf., e.g., Enoch, cii. 1, “ And in those days when He brings a grievous fire upon you, whither will ye flee, and where will ye find deliverance?” xcvii. 3, where mention is made of “ the furnace of fire,” x. 13, “ the abyss of fire” ; this idea arose originally because “ Gehenna” was conceived of as the place of torment, and a fire in the literal sense was constantly burning in the valley of Hinnom; the fire in the place of torment is referred to in Matthew 25:41 τὸπῦρτὸαἰώνιον, Mark 9:44 ὅπουὁσκώληξαὐτῶνοὐτελευτᾷκαὶτὸπῦροὐσβέννυται, Jude 1:7 πυρὸςαἰωνίου … See Carr’ s interesting note on ὡςπῦρ. ἐθησαυρίσατε.—ἐνἐσχάταιςἡμέραις: see prefatory note to this chapter.

James 5:4

James 5:4. ἰδοὺ: this interjection, though good Attic, is used by some N.T. writers with a frequency which is unclassical, (Mayor) e.g., in this short Epistle it occurs six times, while on the other hand St. Paul uses it only nine times (once in a quotation) in the whole of his writings; its frequent occurrence is a mark of Jewish authorship, as Jews were accustomed to the constant use of an equivalent interjection (δπδ) in their own tongue.—ὁμισθὸςτῶνἐργατῶν: μισθός occurs several times in Sir. in the sense of reward, but not in that of wages due; in the same book ἐργάτης occurs twice (Sir 19:1, Sir 40:18), but in neither case with the meaning “ agricultural labourer,” which is its usual meaning in the N.T., cf. Matthew 9:37, but on the other hand Luke 10:7, ἄξιοςὁἐργάτηςτοῦμισθοῦαὐτοῦ.—τῶνἀμησάντων: ἅπ. λεγ. in N.T.; whatever difference of meaning there may have been originally between ἀμᾶν and θερίζειν they are used as synonyms in the Septuagint, and the same is true, according to Mayor, of classical Greek.—τὰςχώραςὑμῶν: often, as here, used in the restricted sense of “ fields,” cf. for the variety of meaning which it can bear the three instances of its occurrence in Sir 10:16; Sir 43:3; Sir 47:17; for its meaning of “ fields,” both in singular and plural, see Luke 12:16; Luke 21:21; John 4:35.—ὁἀφυστερημένοςἀφʼ ὑμῶν: “ which is kept back by you,” “ on your part,” or as Mayor renders as an alternative, “ comes too late from you” ; the ἀφʼ ὑμῶν is not really required, it is omitted by ff. The withholding of wages due was evidently a sin of frequent occurrence, see Leviticus 19:13; Deuteronomy 24:14-15; Job 24:10; Micah 3:10; Jeremiah 22:13; Proverbs 3:27-28; Malachi 3:5; Sirach 31 (34):22; Tob 4:14.—ἀφυστ. only here in N.T.—κράζει: a thoroughly Hebraic idea which occurs several times in the O.T., cf. for the “ crying out” of inanimate things, Genesis 4:10; Job 24:12; Psalms 84:2; Proverbs 8:1; Lamentations 2:18; Habakkuk 2:11.—αἱβοαὶ: only here in N.T., cf. Exodus 2:23.—εἰςτὰὦτακυρίουσαβαώθ: quoted from Isaiah 5:9; one of the many marks in this section, James 5:1-6, which suggest that it did not originally belong to the N.T.; it is certainly extraordinary that the usual Septuagint rendering, Κύριοςπαντοκράτωρ or ὁΚύριοςτῶνδυνάμεων, is not used here; though it is true σαβαώθ is sometimes transliterated, it is nevertheless exceptional. “ Jahwe Sabaoth” was the ancient Israelite name of Jehovah as war-god.

James 5:5

James 5:5. ἐτρυφήσατε: ἅπ. λεγ. in N.T.; it occurs in Sir 14:4 for the Hebrew αες,[59] which means “ to revel,” followed by α. Luther translates: Ihr habt wohlgelebet, “ Ye have lived well” ; but the German word “ schwelgen” so exactly describes the Greek that one wonders why he did not adopt it; the English “ to revel” comes nearest to it, and this is the R.V. rendering of the word in the Sir. passage referred to. τρυφᾶν with its compounds is used in a good as well as in a bad sense; for the former see Psalms 37:4; Psalms 37:11; Isaiah 55:2; Isaiah 66:11; Nehemiah 9:25.—ἐπὶτῆςγῆς: the contrast is between their enjoyment of the good things of the earth and what their lot is to be hereafter; cf. Luke 16:25, “ Remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and Lazarus in like manner evil things; but now he is comforted, and thou art in anguish” .—ἐσπαταλήσατε: only elsewhere in N.T. in 1 Timothy 5:6; it occurs in Ezekiel 16:49 of the women of Jerusalem who are compared to those of Sodom; see also Sir 21:15; the compound κατασπ. occurs in Amos 6:4; Proverbs 29:21; neither the word itself nor its compound is used in a good sense, expressing as it does the living of a life of wanton self-indulgence.—ἐθρέψατετὰςκαρδίαςὑμῶν: this use of καρδία is thoroughly Hebraic, μα being used in a very wide sense in Hebrew, cf. Psalms 104:15, “… and bread that strengtheneth man’ s heart” (μαα which does not differ from μα in meaning), cf. Judges 19:5.—ἐνἡμέρᾳσφαγῆς: there is something extremely significant in this quotation from Jeremiah 12:3, because Jeremiah uses this expression (ιενδψβδ) as the day of judgment; and not only so, but this prophet had also coined a new word for Gehenna, viz., “ Geharκgah” = “ the valley of slaughter” (Jeremiah 7:32; Jeremiah 19:6). These expressions—“ day of slaughter” and “ valley of slaughter”— belong to Jeremiah (Enoch, xvi. 1 quotes the expression καὶἀπὸἡμέραςκαιροῦσφαγῆς), and in using the words “ day of slaughter” the writer of our Epistle is undoubtedly giving them the meaning that they had originally; the passage before us probably means that these luxurious livers will be revelling in self-indulgence on the very day of judgment, cf. our Lord’ s words in Luke 17:27 ff., “ They ate, they drank … and the flood came and destroyed them all … after the same manner shall it be in the day that the Son of man is revealed” . The tense ἐθρέψατε is in accordance with Hebrew usage of regarding a thing in the future as having already taken place; it is wholly in the prophetic style. [59] This is not biblical Hebrew, which would be δϊςπβ (Isaiah 66:11), or δϊςζο (Nehemiah 9:25); αες occurs in the Targums, but means there “ to shout for joy” .

James 5:6

James 5:6. κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατετὸνδίκαιον: this expresses what must often have taken place; the prophetical books often refer to like things; there is no reason for regarding this as some specific case of judicial murder. Cf. Amos 2:6-7; Amos 5:12; Wis 2:10 ff. The antithesis between the φγιχ and ψωΡς is a commonplace in Jewish theology.—οὐκἀντιτάσσεταιὑμῖν: the statement of fact here, instead of the interrogative as read by some authorities, is more natural, and more in accordance with the prophetical style which is so characteristic of this whole passage. This picture of patient acquiescence in ill-treatment is really a very vivid touch, for it shows, on the one hand, that the down-trodden realised the futility of resistance; on the other, that their hopes were centred on the time to come. With the whole of this section cf. the words in The first book of Clement, which is called The Testament of our Lord Jesus Christ, 12: “ The harvest is come, that the guilty may be reaped and the Judge appear suddenly and confront them with their works” .

James 5:7

James 5:7. Μακροθυμήσατεοὖν: the verb, as well as the adjective, is used both of God and man, e.g., Romans 2:4; 2 Corinthians 6:6; it expresses the attitude of mind which is content to wait; when used of God it refers to His long-suffering towards men (e.g., Sir 18:11); it is possible that in the present connection this is also implied in view of Jam 5:9.— Perhaps οὖν was added in order to join it on to the preceding section; it is omitted by the OL MS. s.—ἕωςτῆςπαρουσίαςτοῦΚυρίου: see above, introductory words to this section. Παρουσία does not occur in the Septuagint, being (with τοῦΚυρίον) specifically Christian; but with τοῦΘεοῦ, instead of τοῦΚυρίου, it occurs in Test. of the Twelve Patriarchs, Jud. xxii. 2, ἕωςπαρουσίαςτοῦΘεοῦτῆςδικαιοσύνης (the words are omitted in the Armenian Version).—ὁγεωργός: Cf. Sir 6:18; Test. of the Twelve Patriarchs, Issach. James 5:3 ff.—καρπόν: used in the sense of “ produce of the soil” .—ἕωςλάβῃ: the context shows that the subject must be “ the earth,” not “ the fruit,” for the simple reason that the fruit is not in existence when the “ former” rains descend; the great importance of the “ former” rains (called both ιεψδ and ξεψδ) was that they moistened the earth (commencing about the month of October) after it had been hardened by the blazing summer sun, and thus enabled it to receive the seed; without the “ former” rains to moisten the earth one might as well sow seed on rocks. The subject might possibly be “ the husbandman” as he may be said in a certain sense to receive the rain, but the most obvious subject, and that upon which the meaning of the verse most naturally depends, is the earth.—πρόϊμονκαὶὄψιμον: Cf. Deuteronomy 11:14, and often, ιεψδεξμχεωΡ.

James 5:8

James 5:8. στηρίξατετὰςκαρδίας: a Hebrew idiom, ρςγμα; in the O.T. mostly of strengthening the body with food.—ἡπαρουσίατοῦΚυρίουἤγγικεν: see above; cf. Matthew 3:2; Luke 21:28; Philippians 4:6; 1 Peter 4:7; 1 Corinthians 15:52; 1 Thessalonians 4:15; 1 John 1:18.

James 5:9

James 5:9. μὴστενάζετε: “ A strengthened expression for μὴκαταλαλεῖτε James 4:11” (Carr); it refers to the inward feeling of grudge against another. The word shows that it is not only the righteous who are addressed in this section.—ὁκριτὴςπρὸτῶνθυρῶνἕστηκεν: Cf. Revelation 3:20. For the idea of the Judge standing at the door see Matthew 24:33, … γινώσκετεὅτιἐγγύςἐστινἐπὶθύραις, Matthew 25:10 ff. (the parable of the Ten Virgins). In its origin the idea is antique; cf. the following from the Mishna (Ab. iv. 16): “ This world is as if it were a vestibule to the future world; prepare thyself in the vestibule, that thou mayest enter the reception-room” ; this saying is one of Jacob of Korsha’ s who lived in the second century A.D.—ἕστηκεν: for the tense see above.

James 5:10

James 5:10. ὑπόδειγμα: Cf. Sir 44:16 and especially John 13:15, ὑπόδ. ἔδωκαὑμῖν … of our Lord.—τῆςκακοπαθείας: ἅπ. λεγ. in N.T. cf. 4Ma 9:8. It means “ endurance” rather than the R.V. “ suffering” ; this goes better with μακροθυμίας, “ patience” . The rendering “ endurance” has support from the papyri, see Deissmann, Neue Bibelst., pp. 91 f.—ἐντῷὀνόματι: although this use of the phrase is paralleled by its use in the papyri (see Deissmann, Bibelst., pp. 143– 5: Neue Bibelst., pp. 25, 26), it is more probable that in this case it comes through the Septuagint from the Hebrew αωΡν; cf. above James 2:7.

James 5:11

James 5:11. μακαρίζομεν: Cf. 4Ma 18:13, used in reference to Daniel.—Ἰώβ: Job occupies a high place of honour in post-biblical Jewish literature, cf. the pseudepigraphic work “ The Testament of Job” .—τὸτέλοςΚυρίου: the final purpose of Jehovah with regard to Job; it could not refer to Christ, for the whole passage is dealing with O.T. examples.—πολύσπλαγχνος: ἅπ. λεγ. in N.T.—οἰκτίρμων: only elsewhere in N.T. in Luke 6:36; cf. Sir 2:11 and often in the Septuagint.

James 5:12

James 5:12. f1Πρὸπάντων …: The most natural way of understanding these words would be to take them in connection with something that immediately preceded, but as there is not the remotest connection between this verse and the section that has gone just before, this is impossible here; the verse must be regarded as the fragment of some larger piece; it is not the only instance in this Epistle of a quotation which has been incorporated, only in this case the fragmentary character is more than usually evident. That it is not a quotation from the Gospel, as we now have it (Matthew 5:33-37), must be obvious, for if it were this, it would unquestionably approximate more closely to the original; on the other hand, its general similarity to the Gospel passage proves that there must be a relationship of some kind between the two. Probably both trace their origin to a saying of our Lord’ s which became modified in transmission, assuming various forms while retaining the essential point. An example of a similar kind can be seen by comparing together Matthew 10:26; Luke 8:17 and the fourth of the New Oxyrhynchus Sayings: ΛέγειἸησοῦςΠᾶντὸμὴἔμπροσθεντῆςὄψεώςσουκαὶτὸκεκρυμμένονἀπὸσοῦἀποκαλυφθήσεται. οὐγάρἐστινκρυπτὸνὃοὐφανερὸνγενήσεταικαὶτεθαμμένονὃοὐκἐγερθήσεται (Grenfell and Hunt’ s restoration). In any case the verse before us must originally have been preceded by a context which contained various precepts of which this was regarded as the most important, on account of the words πρὸπάντων.—μὴὀμνύετε …: this was a precept enjoined by many of the more devout Jews; Pharisees avoided oaths as much as possible, the Essenes never swore; a very good pre-Christian example of the same precept is contained in Sir 23:9-11, Ὅρκῳμὴἐθίσῃςτὸστόμασου, καὶὀνομασίᾳτοῦἁγίουμὴσυνεθισθῇς … ἀνὴρπολύορκοςπλησθήσεταιἀνομίας …—ἤτω: Cf. 1 Corinthians 16:22, the only other occurrence of this form in the N.T.

James 5:13

James 5:13. κακοπαθεῖ: See note on James 5:10; it refers perhaps rather to mental worry or distress, while ἀσθενεῖ refers to some specific bodily ailment.—εὐθυμεῖ: only found elsewhere in Acts 27:22; Acts 27:25 in the N.T.—ψαλλέτω: refers both to playing on a stringed instrument (Sir 9:4) and to singing (Ephesians 5:19), and is also used of singing with the spirit (1 Corinthians 14:15).

James 5:14

James 5:14. ἀσθενεῖ … προσκαλεσάσθω, etc.: Cf. Sir 38:14, καὶγὰραὐτοὶΚυρίουδεηθήσονται, ἵναεὐοδώσῃαὐτοῖςἀνάπαυσινκαὶἴασινχάρινἐμβιώσεως. In regard to the practice of primitive Christianity in the matter of caring for the sick Harnack says: “ Even from the fragments of our extant literature, although that literature was not written with any such intention, we can still recognise the careful attention paid to works of mercy. At the outset we meet with directions everywhere to care for sick people, 1 Thessalonians 5:14.… In the prayer of the Church, preserved in the first epistle of Clement, supplications are expressly offered for those who are sick in soul and body (1 Clem. 59, τοὺςἀσθενεῖςἴασαι … ἐξανάστησοντοὺςἀσθενοῦντας, παρακάλεσοντοὺςὀλιγοψυχοῦντας).… Epistle of Polycarp, 6:1; Justin Martyr, lxvii.…” ; he also quotes Lactantius, Div. Inst., vi. 12: “ Aegros quoque quibus defuerit qui adsistat, curandos fovendosque suscipere summae humanitatis et magnae operationis est” (Expansion … i. 147 f. first English ed.). A like care was characteristic of the Rabbis, who declared it to be a duty incumbent upon every Jew to visit and relieve the sick whether they were Jews or Gentiles (Git., 61 a, Soṭah, 14 a); “ the Ḥaberim, or Ḥasidic associations, made the performance of this duty a special obligation” (Jewish Encycl., xi. 327).—τοὺςπρεσβυτέρουςτῆςἐκκλησίας: both the words “ presbyters” and “ ecclesia” were taken over from the Jews, being the Greek equivalents for ζχπιν and χδμ.

While, however, the word πρεσβύτερος was, without question, in the Christian Church taken over from the ζχο in the Jewish Church, it is well to recall the extended use which attached to it according to the evidence of the papyri. The phrase ὁπρεσβύτεροςτῆςκώμης occurs on a papyrus belonging to the time of the Ptolemies, and is evidently an official title of some kind; οἱπρεσβύτεροι is found together with ἱερεῖς of an idolatrous worship (100:40 B.C.); and in the second century A.D. οἱπρεσβύτεροι occurs in reference to “ elders” of villages in Egypt.

The Septuagint translators were therefore probably using in this case a word which had a well-known technical sense. Deissmann believes it possible, therefore, that the Christian congregations of Asia Minor got the title of πρεσβύτερος from the minor officials who were so called, and not necessarily from the Jewish prototype (Op. cit., pp. 153 f.). This might well be the case in various centres, though not all (as for example, Babylonia), of the Diaspora, but not in Palestine. It is, of course, an open question as to whether our Epistle was written from Palestine or not; see, further, Deissmann (Neue Bibelst. pp. 60 ff.). As regards ἐκκλησία, Harnack remarks that “ originally it was beyond question a collective term (i.e., χδμ); it was the most solemn expression of the Jews for their worship as a collective body, and as such it was taken over by the Christians. But ere long it was applied to the individual communities, and then again to the general meeting for worship.… Its acquisition rendered the capture of the term ‘ synagogue’ a superfluity, and once the inner cleavage had taken place, the very neglect of the latter title served to distinguish Christians sharply from Judaism and its religious gatherings even in terminology.… Most important of all, however, was the fact that ἐκκλησία was conceived of, in the first instance, not simply as an earthly but as a heavenly and transcendental entity” (op. cit., pp. 11 ff.); “χδμ (usually rendered ἐκκλησία in LXX) denotes the community in relation to God, and consequently is more sacred than the profaner ςγδ (regularly translated by συναγωγή in the LXX).… Among the Jews ἐκκλησία lagged far behind συναγωγή in practical use, and this was all in favour of the Christians and their adoption of the term” (ibid.).

In the verse before us it is the combination of these two terms, οἱπρεσβύτεροιτῆςἐκκλησίας which points to a developed organisation among the communities of the Diaspora, and therefore to a late date for this part of the Epistle.—ἀλείψαντεςἐλαίῳ: a common Jewish usage, see Isaiah 1:6; Mark 6:13; Luke 10:34. As oil was believed to have the effect of curing bodily sickness, so it became customary to use it preparatory to Baptism, possibly with the idea of its healing, sacramentally, the disease of sin; that it was joined to Baptism as an integral part of the sacrament is certain.

Prayer was, of course, an indispensable accompaniment.—ἐνὀνόματι …: Cf. Mark 16:17; Luke 10:17; Acts 3:6; Acts 3:16; Acts 4:10; Acts 16:18; and on the formula, the note above, James 2:17.

James 5:15

James 5:15. ἡεὐχὴτῆςπίστεως: Cf. Matthew 21:22.—σώσει: for this sense cf. Matthew 9:22; Mark 5:23; John 11:12.—κάμνοντα: in this sense only here in the N.T., though it is used in a somewhat similar sense in Hebrews 12:3.—ἐγερεῖ: it seems most natural to take this as referring to the sick man being raised up from his bed of sickness, though the use of κάμνειν in Hebrews 12:3 suggests the possibility of spiritual comfort being also included.—ὁΚύριος: this must probably refer to Christ, though the O.T. reference in the context would justify the contention that Jahwe is meant.—κἂν. Cf. Mark 16:18; Luke 13:9, as showing that this does not necessarily mean “ even if” .—ἁμαρτίαςᾖπεποιηκώςἀφεθήσεταιαὐτῷ: Cf. Sir 38:9-10, Τέκνον, ἐνἀρρωστήματίσουμὴπαράβλεπε, ἀλλʼ εὖξαιΚυρίῳ, καὶαὐτὸςἰάσεταίσε· ἀπόστησονπλημμελίανκαὶεὔθυνονχεῖρας, καὶἀπὸπάσηςἁμαρτίαςκαθάρισονκαρδίαν; The Jewish belief on this subject may be illustrated by the following: in Test. of the Twelve Patriarchs, Simeon, James 2:11 ff., because Simeon continued wrathful against Reuben, he says, “ But the Lord restrained me, and withheld from me the power of my hands; for my right hand was half withered for seven days” ; in Gad.

James 5:9 ff. the patriarch confesses that owing to his hatred against Joseph God brought upon him a disease of the liver, “ and had not the prayers of Jacob my father succoured me, it had hardly failed but my spirit had departed” . That sin brings disease was, likewise in the later Jewish literature, an article of faith, indeed here one finds specified what are the particular sicknesses that particular sins bring in their train. According to Rabbinical teaching there are four signs by means of which it is possible to recognise the sin of which a man has been guilty: dropsy is the sign that the sin of fornication has been committed, jaundice that of unquenchable hatred, poverty and humiliation that of pride, liver complaint (?) (ΰρλψδ) that of back-biting. In Shabbath, 55 a, it says: “ No death without sin, no chastisement without evil-doing,” and in Nedarim, 41 a it says: “ No recovery without forgiveness” . Leprosy may be due to one of eleven sins, but most probably to that of an evil tongue (see Weber, Jόdische Theologie, pp. 245 f.).

James 5:16

James 5:16. ἐξομολογεῖσθε … ἁμαρτίας: see critical note above. Confession of sins has always played an important part in Judaism; the O.T. word for confession of sins is ϊεγδ,[62] the later term, which denotes more particularly the liturgical form of confession, is ειγεΔι. Private as well as public confession was enjoined, and many forms of confession, both general and particular, exist, among others one for the sick; it was the duty of the Rabbis to urge the sick person to confess his sins. Confession is regarded as a meritorious act: according to Sanhedrin, 103 a, it has the effect of enabling the worst sinners to inherit everlasting life (see, among other authorities, Hamburger’ s Realencycl. des Judent, article “ Sόndenbekenntniss” .). For the custom of the early Church cf. Didache, iv. 14, xiv. 1.—προσεύχεσθεὑπὲρἀλλήλων: the need of intercessory prayer is strongly emphasised in O.T., N.T. and the later Jewish literature, see above and the next note.—πολὺἰσχύειδέησιςδικαίουἐνεργουμένη: one is reminded of the well-known instance of Rabbi Johanan ben Zakkai (end of first century, A.D.) who, when in need of the prayers of a righteous man on behalf of his sick child, said, “ Although I am greater in learning than Chaninah, he is more efficacious in prayer; I am, indeed, the Prince, but he is the steward who has constant access to the King” (Berachoth, 34 b).

A curious saying of Rabbi Isaac is contained in Jebamoth, 64 a: “ The prayer of the righteous is comparable to a pitchfork; as the pitchfork changes the position of the wheat so the prayer changes the disposition of God from wrath to mercy” (quoted in Jewish Encycl., x. 169). With δικαίου cf. δίκαιον in James 5:6. On ἐνεργουμένη see Mayor’ s elaborate note. [62] This word is sometimes used as meaning praise given to God by the act of confession of sins, cf. Ryle, Ezra …, p. 132.

James 5:17

James 5:17. Ἡλείας: Elijah plays an immense part in the later Jewish literature, see Hamburger, op. cit., article “ Elias” . With his mention here cf. Sir 48:1 ff.—προσευχῇπροσηύξατο: Hebraism cf. Luke 22:15; John 3:29, etc., etc.

James 5:18

James 5:18. With this and the preceding verse cf. Ta‘ anith, 24 b, where we are told of how Rabbi Chaninah, on being caught in a shower of rain, prayed: “ Master of the Universe, the whole world is pleased, while Chaninah alone is annoyed” ; then the rain immediately ceased. On arriving home he prayed: “ Master of the Universe, shall all the world be grieved while Chaninah enjoys his comfort?” Whereupon the rain came down again (see Jewish Encycl., vi. 215).

James 5:19

James 5:19. πλανηθῇ: “ The passive aorist is used with a middle force in classical writers, as well as in the LXX, Deuteronomy 32:1; Psalms 119:176; Ezekiel 34:4” (Mayor).—ἀπὸτῆςἀληθείας: Cf. Mark 12:14, … ἐπʼ ἀληθείαςτὴνὁδὸντοῦθεοῦδιδάσκεις, this seems to be the way in which ἀληθεία is here used, cf. John 3:21; John 5:33; John 8:32.—ἐπιστρέψῃ: excepting here (and in the next verse) and Luke 1:16-17 this word is always used intransitively in the N.T. (cf. however Acts 26:18).

James 5:20

James 5:20. γινώσκετε: taking this as an indicative one may regard the words that follow as a quotation, a course which commends itself owing to the comparatively large number of quotations with which the Epistle abounds; at the same time it must be remembered that the weight of MS. evidence is in favour of γινωσκέτε.—καλύψει … (Hebrew λτψ) cf. 1 Peter 4:8, one of the strongest of the many marks of Jewish authorship which the Epistle contains; according to Jewish doctrine good works balance evil ones; the good work of converting a sinner is reckoned here as one of the most efficacious in obliterating evil deeds; on the whole subject see Introduction IV., § 2.