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1 Kings 22:48 — Word Study

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WLCיְהוֹשָׁפָ֡ט עָשָׂה֩ אֳנִיּ֨וֹת תַּרְשִׁ֜ישׁ לָלֶ֧כֶת אוֹפִ֛ירָה לַזָּהָ֖ב וְלֹ֣א הָלָ֑ךְ כִּֽי־ נִשְׁבְּר֥וּ אֳנִיּ֖וֹת בְּעֶצְי֥וֹן גָּֽבֶר׃

BSAKing'smelek nothingʼayin EdomʼĔdôm to standnâtsab King'smelek

Word
Listen & take away1 Kings 22
English ↓ Download MP3 The Berean Standard Bible chapter audio already hosted for the site's Bible section — verse 48 is in this chapter.
Hebrew ↓ Download MP3 The Masoretic text of this chapter, read aloud. Read by Abraham Shmuelof, courtesy of Audio Scriptures International. Chapter divisions by the Academy of Ancient Languages..
Say the word Each Hebrew word carries its transliteration (Ga.ver) — no per-word recordings of the Hebrew exist to link to.
Take it away
1 Kings 22:48quick helps
In a sentenceJehoshaphat built ships to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail because they were wrecked.
Who is speakingJehoshaphat, king of Judah.
Where we areThe account of Jehoshaphat's reign and his ventures.
The hard wordנִשְׁבְּר֥וּ
Take awayThe ships were built but never sailed.
8 commentators on this verse Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them › clause subjectוְ verbמֶלֶךְ The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
How rare are these words?in the Old Testament

Every word here is used elsewhere in the Old Testament.

Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.

Deep Study — 1 Kings 22:48

Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.

Context — The Reign of Jehoshaphatgenerated

47And there was no king in Edom; a deputy served as king.
48Jehoshaphat built ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail, because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber.
49At that time Ahaziah son of Ahab said to Jehoshaphat, “Let my servants sail with your servants,” but Jehoshaphat refused.
50And Jehoshaphat rested with his fathers and was buried with them in the city of his father David. And his son Jehoram reigned in his place.

1 Kings 22:48 describes Jehoshaphat's efforts to expand trade by building ships to sail to Ophir for gold. However, despite his intentions, the ships never set sail due to their wrecking at Ezion-geber. This passage highlights both the ambition and the challenges faced by Jehoshaphat as a ruler.


Cross References

ReferenceText (BSB)
12 Chronicles 20:35–36Later, Jehoshaphat king of Judah made an alliance with Ahaziah king of Israel, who acted wickedly.
21 Kings 10:22For the king had the ships of Tarshish at sea with Hiram’s fleet, and once every three years the ships of Tarshish would arrive bearing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.
32 Chronicles 9:21For the king had the ships of Tarshish that went with Hiram’s servants, and once every three years the ships of Tarshish would arrive bearing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.
4Psalm 48:7With a wind from the east You wrecked the ships of Tarshish.
5Isaiah 2:16against every ship of Tarshish, and against every stately vessel.

The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 13 references, hung on the phrase they belong to


The Key Word יְהוֹשָׁפָ֡ט, ye.ho.sha.Fatgenerated

The name יְהוֹשָׁפָט (Yhowshaphat) means 'Jehovah has judged.' It refers to a significant king of Judah known for his piety and prosperity, ruling for 25 years. His reign is marked by attempts to strengthen Judah's position through trade and alliances.

The parsing indicates that יְהוֹשָׁפָט is a proper masculine noun, emphasizing his identity as a king. His actions in this verse reflect his leadership and the historical context of Judah's interactions with neighboring regions.


How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated

This study reads the verse in the Berean Standard Bible, so the BSB is the wording every comparison below is made against.


Sentence Structuregenerated

The main verb of the verse is עָשָׂה֩, he made, which governs the subject יְהוֹשָׁפָט and the object אֳנִיּ֨וֹת (ships). The structure also includes a prepositional phrase indicating the destination אוֹפִ֛ירָה (Ophir) and a clause explaining the outcome of the ships.

The sentence is built around the actions of Jehoshaphat, with the focus on the construction of the ships and their intended journey, followed by the contrasting outcome of them not sailing.


Septuagint Backgroundgenerated

The Septuagint translates עָשָׂה֩ as βασιλεὺς (king), which emphasizes Jehoshaphat's royal authority in making decisions. This choice reflects the Septuagint's focus on his identity as a ruler.

The translation for אֳנִיּ֨וֹת is not provided, indicating a potential difference in emphasis or understanding of the term in the Greek context.


In plain words — the whole versegenerated

1 Kings 22:48 tells us that Jehoshaphat built ships to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber. This passage shows Jehoshaphat's ambition to expand trade and the challenges he faced.


Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated

What was the significance of the ships built by Jehoshaphat?

The ships represented Jehoshaphat's efforts to enhance trade and wealth for Judah through maritime commerce.

Why did the ships never set sail?

The ships were wrecked at Ezion-geber, preventing them from making the journey to Ophir.

What does Ophir represent in this context?

Ophir is known as a region rich in gold, symbolizing wealth and prosperity sought by Jehoshaphat.

What can we learn from Jehoshaphat's experience?

Jehoshaphat's experience illustrates the challenges of leadership and the unpredictability of plans, even with good intentions.


Reflection Questionsgenerated

  1. What ambitions do I have that may face unexpected challenges?
  2. How can I prepare for setbacks in my plans, similar to Jehoshaphat's experience?
  3. What does this passage teach about the relationship between ambition and reality?
  4. How can I apply the lessons from Jehoshaphat's reign in my own life?

Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse

Each of these wrote on 1 Kings 22:48 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.

John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish,.... Ships to go to sea, particularly the Indian sea, 1 Kings 10:22.

Read John Gill on 1 Kings 22 →
Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Eziongeber. Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish , [ `aasaah (H6213) 'ªniyowt (H591)] - Jehoshaphat had ten ships.

Read Robert Jamieson on 1 Kings 22 →
Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy Bible

See . Or, there were to Jehoshaphat ten ships; the ellipsis of the verb substantive, and of the prefix lamed, being frequent in the Hebrew language. Some render the words, he made ten ships; so joining both texts together, and out of both completing the sense. Of Tharshish; either, 1. Of the sea, as this word is thought sometimes to be used. Or rather, 2. To go to Tharshish, and thence to Ophir, as it here follows. See more on . To Ophir; of which see . Ezion-geber was in Edom, and consequently in Jehoshaphat’ s territories.

Read Matthew Poole on 1 Kings 22 →
John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New Testaments

1 Kings 22:48 Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Eziongeber.Ver. 48. To go to Ophir for gold.] See 1 Kings 9:28. For his ships were broken.] This cross was in great mercy to Jehoshaphat. "Thou in very faithfulness hast afflicted me," saith David. This should be a patienting consideration; as it is said to have been to Philip, king of Spain, upon the defeating and scattering of his navy here in 1588. He gave and commanded to be given all over Spain, thanks to God, that the loss was no more grievous; and used singular mercy in relieving the distressed soldiers and sailors. Camden’ s Elisab., p. 371.

Read John Trapp on 1 Kings 22 →
Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers

(48) Ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir.—See Note on 1 Kings 10:22. We note that this revival of maritime enterprise coincides with the renewed alliance through Israel with Tyre. The account in 2 Chronicles 20:35-37 makes the brief narrative of these verses intelligible. The fleet was a combined fleet of Judah and Israel, built at Ezion-geber, which belonged to Judah; the alliance was denounced and judgment threatened by the prophet Eliezer. After the wreck of the fleet, manned, it would seem, by the subjects of Jehoshaphat, Ahaziah of Israel desires to renew the enterprise with the aid of Israelite and probably Tyrian sailors; but Jehoshaphat now refuses.

Read Charles John Ellicott on 1 Kings 22 →
AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible

Verse 48. Ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold] In the parallel place (2 Chronicles 20:36) it is said that Jehoshaphat joined himself to Ahaziah, to make ships to go to Tharshish; and they made the ships in Ezion-geber. Concerning these places, and the voyage thither, see the notes on 1Kg 9:26-28; 1Kg 10:11; 1Kg 10:22. Some translate, instead of ships of Tharshish, ships of burden. See Houbigant, who expresses himself doubtful as to the meaning of the word.

Read AdamClarke on 1 Kings 22 →
CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges

48. ships of Tharshish] See above on 1 Kings 10:22. Ophir] See 1 Kings 9:28. The Chronicler says the ships were to go to Tarshish (2 Chronicles 20:3-8). the ships were broken] According to the Chronicler (2 Chronicles 20:35-37) these ships were built in conjunction with Ahaziah, king of Israel. And Eliezer the prophet rebuked Jehoshaphat for this alliance, and said, ‘because thou hast joined thyself with Ahaziah, the Lord hath broken thy works.’ Thus the breaking of the ships, however it came to pass, by storm or otherwise, was regarded as brought about by divine interposition.

Read Cambridge on 1 Kings 22 →
Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the Bible

The expression, “ships of Tharshish,” probably designates ships of a particular class, ships (i. e.) like those with which the Phoenicians used to trade to Tharshish (Tartessus, 1 Kings 10:22 note).

Read Albert Barnes on 1 Kings 22 →

The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company

Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.

Modern formal

BSBBerean Standard Bible2020

Jehoshaphat built ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail, because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber.

WEBWorld English Bible2000

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they didn’t go, for the ships wrecked at Ezion Geber.

MSBMajority Standard Bible2022

Jehoshaphat built ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail, because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber.

NETBNew English Translation2006

Jehoshaphat built a fleet of large merchant ships to travel to Ophir for gold, but they never made the voyage because they were shipwrecked in Ezion Geber.

Tyndale line

KJVKing James Version1611

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Ezion-geber.

ASVAmerican Standard Version1901

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Ezion-geber.

RVARevised Version, American1894

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Ezion-geber.

NWBWebster's Bible1833

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tharshish to go to Ophir for gold: but they went not; for the ships were broken at Ezion-geber.

GNVGeneva Bible1599

Iehoshaphat made shippes of Tharshish to sayle to Ophir for golde, but they went not, for the shippes were broken at Ezion Gaber.

Strictly literal

DBYDarby Translation1890

Jehoshaphat made Tarshish-ships to go to Ophir for gold; but they went not, for the ships were broken at Ezion-geber.

YLTYoung's Literal Translation1862

Jehoshaphat made ships at Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, and they went not, for the ships were broken in Ezion-Geber.

LSVLiteral Standard Version2020

Jehoshaphat made ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, and they did not go, for the ships were broken in Ezion-Geber.

ILTInterlinear Literal Translation2000

(22:49) Jehoshaphat made Tharshish-ships to go to Ophir for gold; but they went not; for the ships were wrecked at 'Ezyon-geber.

ULBUnlocked Literal Bible2017

Jehoshaphat built oceangoing ships; they were to go to Ophir for gold, but they did not go because the ships were wrecked at Ezion Geber.

From the Latin

DRADouay-Rheims (Challoner)1899

And there was then no king appointed in Edom.

Simplified

FBVFree Bible Version2020

Jehoshaphat built seagoing ships to sail to Ophir for gold, but they didn't go because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber.

BBEBible in Basic English1949

And the representative of King Jehoshaphat made a Tarshish-ship to go to Ophir for gold, but it did not go, because it was broken at Ezion-geber.

Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.


The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank

This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.

clausesubjectיְהוֹשָׁפָ֡טJehoshaphatverbעָשָׂה֩he.madenoun phrase · objectאֳנִיּ֨וֹת(the).shipsתַּרְשִׁ֜ישׁof.Tarshishprepositional phrase · prepositionalלָtoclauseverbלֶ֧כֶתgonoun phrase · prepositionalאוֹפִ֛ירָtoהOphirprepositional phrase · prepositionalלַfornoun phrase(the)זָּהָ֖בgoldוְandclauseadverbialלֹ֣אnotverbהָלָ֑ךְit.wentכִּֽי(dm)clauseverbנִשְׁבְּר֥וּthey.were.brokensubjectאֳנִיּ֖וֹת[the].shipsprepositional phrase · prepositionalבְּat

Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.


The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran

The Masoretic Text states that Jehoshaphat built ships of Tarshish to go to Ophir for gold, but they never set sail because they were wrecked at Ezion-geber. The Septuagint, however, does not provide a complete text for this verse, indicating a significant difference in the preservation of this passage. Therefore, while the Masoretic Text is clear about the events, the Septuagint lacks the same detail, which is important to note for understanding the variations in biblical manuscripts.

Masoretic TextLeningrad Codex, c. AD 1008 — the text this page is built on

יְהוֹשָׁפָ֡ט עָשָׂה֩ אֳנִיּ֨וֹת תַּרְשִׁ֜ישׁ לָלֶ֧כֶת אוֹפִ֛ירָה לַזָּהָ֖ב וְלֹ֣א הָלָ֑ךְ כִּֽי־ נִשְׁבְּר֥וּ אֳנִיּ֖וֹת בְּעֶצְי֥וֹן גָּֽבֶר׃

Septuagintthe Greek the translators chose, word by word
יְהוֹשָׁפָ֡טκαὶעָשָׂה֩βασιλεὺςאֳנִיּ֨וֹתοὐκתַּרְשִׁ֜ישׁἐνלָלֶ֧כֶתνασιβאוֹפִ֛ירָהβασιλεὺς

6 of the 14 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.

Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.


The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with

This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.

1 Kings 22:48יְהוֹשָׁפָטJehoshaphatJehoshaphatיְהוֹשָׁפָטעָשָׂהhe madehe madeעָשָׂהאֳנִיָּהships ofships ofאֳנִיָּהתַּרְשִׁישׁTarshishTarshishתַּרְשִׁישׁהָלַךְto goto goהָלַךְאוֹפִירOphir towarOphir towardsאוֹפִירזָהָבfor goldfor goldזָהָבלֹאand notand notלֹאהָלַךְit wentit wentהָלַךְכִּיforforכִּישָׁבַרthey were bthey were brokeשָׁבַראֳנִיָּה[the] ships[the] shipsאֳנִיָּהעֶצְיוֹןat Ezionat EzionעֶצְיוֹןעֶצְיוֹןGeberGeberעֶצְיוֹןעָצֶהspinespineעָצֶהיהוהThe LordThe Lordיהוהאֳנִיfleetfleetאֳנִיהָלַךְto walkto walkהָלַךְתַּרְשִׁישׁjasperjasperתַּרְשִׁישׁשָׂבַרto inspectto inspectשָׂבַרתַּרְשִׁישׁTarshishTarshishתַּרְשִׁישׁעֶצְיוֹןEzion-gebeEzion-geberעֶצְיוֹןדֶּ֫רֶךְway: roadway: roadדֶּ֫רֶךְחֻקָּהstatutestatuteחֻקָּהאֵילַתElathElathאֵילַתאֲחִילוּדAhiludAhiludאֲחִילוּדיְהוּדָה(Baalah of(Baalah of)Judaיְהוּדָהמְלָאכָהworkworkמְלָאכָהתּוֹעֵבַהabominatioabominationתּוֹעֵבַהאֳנִיָּהfleetfleetאֳנִיָּהאִיcoastlandcoastlandאִיכֶּ֫תֶםgoldgoldכֶּ֫תֶם
meets it a little oftener than chancemeets it far oftener than chancebuilt from the same roottwo words of the verse share ita word of this versea related word

Lexicons — every word in 1 Kings 22:48

One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.

Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
יְהוֹשָׁפָ֡טye.ho.sha.Fat Jehoshaphat H3092 Noun proper masculine
84× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Jehoshaphat was a king of Judah who ruled for 25 years and was known for his piety and prosperity. His name means Jehovah has judged, and he is mentioned in 2 Kings 9:2 as the son of King Asa. He was one of the best kings of Judah in the Bible.
Tyndale gloss
Jehoshaphat
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

The Hebrew word יְהוֹשָׁפָט (*Yhowshaphat*) means 'Jehovah has judged.' It refers to several individuals, including a king of Judah, a chronicler, and a priest during the time of David, as well as a valley near Jerusalem associated with ultimate judgment. The entries note that Jehoshaphat was a significant king known for his piety and prosperity.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

יְהוֹשָׁפָט, יוֹשָׁפָט n.pr.m. (י׳ hath judged)

king of Judah, son of Asa

father of Jehu king of Israel

chronicler under David & Solomon, son of Ahilud

one of Sol.’s 12 officers who provided victuals for the royal household

one of David’s heroes

a priest & trumpeter in David’s time

in n.pr.loc., symbolical name of a valley near Jerusalem, place of ultimate judgment.

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3092 יְהוֹשָׁפָט, יוֹשָׁפָט

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3092 Yhowshaphat yeh-ho-shaw-fawt'

from 3068 and 8199; Jehovah-judged; Jehoshaphat, the name of

six Israelites; also of a valley near Jerusalem:--Jehoshaphat.

Compare 3146.

see HEBREW for 03068

see HEBREW for 08199

see HEBREW for 03146

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

יְהוֹשָׁפָט (ye.ho.sha.phat) — Jehoshaphat.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, first mentioned at 2Sa.8.16;

son of: Ahilud (H0286);

brother of: Baana (H1195)

§ Jehoshaphat = "Jehovah has judged"

1) son of king Asa and himself king of Judah for 25 years; one of the best, most pious, and prosperous kings of Judah

2) son of Nimshi and father of king Jehu of the northern kingdom of Israel

3) son of Ahilud and chronicler under David and Solomon

4) son of Paruah and one of the 12 commissary officers under Solomon

5) a priest and trumpeter in the time of David

6) symbolical name of a valley near Jerusalem which is the place of ultimate judgment; maybe the deep ravine which separates Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives through which the Kidron flowed

יְהוֹשָׁפָט (ye.ho.sha.phat) — Jehoshaphat.

A man living at the time of United Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ki.4.17;

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpm — Noun proper masculine
HNpm
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Jehoshaphat

Jehovah-judged. (1.) One of David’s body-guard (1 Chr. 11:43).

(2.) One of the priests who accompanied the removal of the ark to Jerusalem (1 Chr. 15:24).

(3.) Son of Ahilud, “recorder” or annalist under David and Solomon (2 Sam. 8:16), a state officer of high rank, chancellor or vizier of the kingdom.

(4.) Solomon’s purveyor in Issachar (1 Kings 4:17).

(5.) The son and successor of Asa, king of Judah. After fortifying his kingdom against Israel (2 Chr. 17:1, 2), he set himself to cleanse the land of idolatry (1 Kings 22:43). In the third year of his…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(whom Jehovah judges.) King of Judah, son of Asa, succeeded to the throne B.C. 914, when he was 35 years old, and reigned 25 years. His history is to be found among the events recorded in (1 Kings 15:24; 2 Kings 8:16) or in a continuous narrative in (2 Chronicles 17:1; 2 Chronicles 21:3) He was contemporary with Ahab, Ahaziah and Jehoram. He was one of the best, most pious and prosperous kings of Judah, the greatest since Solomon. At first he strengthened himself against Israel; but soon afterward the two Hebrew kings formed an alliance. In his own kingdom Jehoshaphat ever showed himself a zealous follower of the commandments of God: he tried to put down the high places and…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A pious king of Judah, the son and successor of Asa. He began to reign at the age of thirty-five, about the year 914 B. C., and reigned twenty-five years. His history is found in 1Ki 15:24 22:1-53 2Ch 17:1-20:37. He was distinguished by his zeal for true religion, and his firm trust in God. He thoroughly cleansed the land from idolatry, restored the divine ordinances, and provided for the religious instruction of the people. His government was highly prospered at home and abroad. The great error of his life was an entangling alliance with the wicked Ahab, whose infamous daughter Athaliah early began to afflict the kingdom of Judah, of which she was afterwards the queen. Jehoshaphat was beguiled by Ahab into an unsuccessful war with the Syrians, but soon resumed his labors in…

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

the Lord is judge

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
עָשָׂה֩a.sar he made H6213 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
2,629× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This verb means to make or do something, and is used over 2,600 times in the Bible. It is first used in Genesis 1:7 to describe God's creation of the world and is also used in Exodus 31:5 to describe the work of skilled craftsmen.
Tyndale gloss
to make
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עָשָׂה (asah) is a Hebrew verb meaning to do or make, encompassing a wide range of actions such as producing, preparing, and observing. It can refer to both concrete and abstract activities, including making offerings and attending to tasks. The verb also has forms indicating passive meanings, such as being made or offered. Notably, the Piel form refers to pressing or squeezing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עָשָׂה 2622 vb. do, make

Qal 2524

do (1560 t.)

deal with

oft. in phr. do kindness with

abs. act, act with effect

make (670 t.)

produce, yield

prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

make offering

attend to, put in order

observe, celebrate, religious festival

acquire property of various kinds

appoint priests

bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

use

spend, pass, days of life

Niph.

97be done

be made, of concr. things

be produced from vine

be prepared, of food

be offered

be observed, passover

be used

Pu. I was made

base

[עָשָׂה] vb. Pi. press, squeeze

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6213a עָשָׂה do, make .. . do (1560 + t.)

. deal with

. oft. in phr. do kindness with

. abs. act, act with effect

. . make (670 + t.)

. produce, yield

. prepare, esp. of dressing and cooking food

. make offering

. attend to, put in order

. observe, celebrate, religious festival

. acquire property of various kinds

. appoint priests

. bring about of י׳’s effecting a deliverance

. use

. spend, pass, days of life

. . be done

. . be made, of concr. things

. be produced from vine

. be prepared, of food

. be offered

. be observed, passover

. be used

. I was made

H6213b עָשָׂה Pi. press, squeeze

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6213 `asah aw-saw'

a primitive root; to do or make, in the broadest sense and

widest application (as follows):--accomplish, advance,

appoint, apt, be at, become, bear, bestow, bring forth,

bruise, be busy, X certainly, have the charge of, commit, deal

(with), deck, + displease, do, (ready) dress(-ed), (put in)

execute(-ion), exercise, fashion, + feast, (fight-)ing man, +

finish, fit, fly, follow, fulfill, furnish, gather, get, go

about, govern, grant, great, + hinder, hold ((a feast)), X

indeed, + be industrious, + journey, keep, labour, maintain,

make, be meet, observe, be occupied, offer, + officer, pare,

bring (come) to pass, perform, pracise, prepare, procure,

provide, put, requite, X sacrifice, serve, set, shew, X sin,

spend, X surely, take, X thoroughly, trim, X very, + vex, be

(warr-)ior, work(-man), yield, use.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make: do.

: do/perform

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

1a2c) to prepare

1a2d) to make (an offering)

1a2e) to attend to, put in order

1a2f) to observe, celebrate

1a2g) to acquire (property)

1a2h) to appoint, ordain, institute

1a2i) to bring about

1a2j) to use

1a2k) to spend, pass

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be done

1b2) to be made

1b3) to be produced

1b4) to be offered

1b5) to be observed

1b6) to be used

1c) (Pual) to be made

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to press.

(Piel) to press, squeeze

עָשָׂה (a.sah) — to make.

: make(OBJECT)

1) to do, fashion, accomplish, make

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to do, work, make, produce

1a1a) to do

1a1b) to work

1a1c) to deal (with)

1a1d) to act, act with effect, effect

1a2) to make

1a2a) to make

1a2b) to produce

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqp3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
אֳנִיּ֨וֹת'o.ni.Yot ships of H591 Noun common · feminine plural construct
31× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for ship or fleet is used in the Bible to describe a vessel that sails on the water. It appears in Numbers 24:24 and Proverbs 30:19, often referring to the men who sail on these ships, known as seamen.
Tyndale gloss
fleet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֳנִיָּה (oniyah) is a feminine noun meaning 'a ship.' It is derived from the root word for 'ship' and can refer to both the vessel itself and its crew, including seamen. The term appears in contexts related to maritime activities.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֳנִיָּה n.f. unit. a ship

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H591 אֳנִיָּה a ship

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

591 'oniyah on-ee-yaw'

feminine of 590; a ship:--ship((-men)).

see HEBREW for 0590

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֳנִיָּה (o.niy.yah) — fleet.

1) ship

1a) men of ships, seamen

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfpc — Noun common · feminine plural construct
HNcfpc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ov:

(1) In Anglo-Saxon, had the meaning "from," "away from" (as the strengthened form "off" has still), and was not used for genitive or possessive relations, these being expressed by special case-forms. In the Norman period, however, "of" was taken to represent the French de (a use well developed by the time of Chaucer), and in the Elizabethan period both senses of "of" were in common use. But after about 1600 the later force of the word became predominant, and in the earlier sense (which is now practically obsolete) it was replaced by other prepositions. In consequence the King James Version (and in some cases the Revised Version (British and American)) contains many uses of "of" that are no longer familiar--most of them, to be sure, causing no difficulty, but there still being a few responsible for real obscurities.

English usagewhat the translators’ English meant
Webster's Dictionary (1828), Webster's Unabridged (1913), Webster's Dictionary (1806)

OF, preposition ov. [Gr.]

1. From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author or agent bestowing.

I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. 1 Corinthians 11:1.

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. Joshua 11:1.

It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed.

Lamentations 3:1.

The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. Proverbs 16:1.

Go, inquire of the Lord for me. 2 Chronicles 34:2.

That holy thing that shall be born of thee. Luke 1:1.

Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production; as the son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man. 'Part of these were slain; ' that is, a number separate, for part denotes a division; the sense then is, a number from or out of the whole were slain. So also, 'some of these were slain; ' that is…

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
תַּרְשִׁ֜ישׁtar.Shish Tarshish H8659 Noun proper
28× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Tarshish was a place on the Mediterranean, also the name of a Persian and an Israelite, and a term for a merchant vessel, as mentioned in 1 Chronicles 7:10.
Tyndale gloss
Tarshish
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

תַּרְשִׁישׁ (Tarshish) refers to a distant port, possibly linked to the Mediterranean, and is associated with trade and merchant vessels. It also denotes a man from the tribe of Benjamin and a Persian noble. The word is connected to yellow jasper and appears in various contexts, including a city mentioned in relation to Jonah's flight.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

תַּרְשִׁישׁ n.pr.

loc. a distant port, site not certainly known

m.

in Benjamin

Persian noble

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H8659 תַּרְשִׁישׁ . a distant port, site not certainly known

. . in Benjamin

. Persian noble

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

8659 Tarshiysh tar-sheesh'

probably the same as 8658 (as the region of the stone, or the

reverse); Tarshish, a place on the Mediterranean, hence, the

ephithet of a merchant vessel (as if for or from that port);

also the name of a Persian and of an Israelite:--Tarshish,

Tharshish.

see HEBREW for 08658

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

תַּרְשִׁישׁ (tar.shish) — Tarshish.

A man of the Greeks living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.4;

son of: Javan (H3120);

brother of: Elishah (H0473), Kittim (H3794) and Dodanim (H1721)

§ Tarshish or Tharshish = "yellow jasper"

son of Javan

תַּרְשִׁישׁ (tar.shish) — Tarshish.

§ Tarshish or Tharshish = "yellow jasper"

1) a city of the Phoenicians in a distant part of the Mediterranean Sea to which the prophet Jonah was trying to flee

perhaps in Cyprus or Spain

2) a city somewhere near and accessible to the Red Sea to which ships constructed at Ezion-geber on the Elanitic Gulf on the Red Sea were to sail

תַּרְשִׁישׁ (tar.shish) — Tarshish.

A man of the tribe of Benjamin living at the time of Divided Monarchy, only mentioned at 1Ch.7.10;

son of: Bilhan (H1092H);

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

tar'-shish (tarshish):

(1) Eponym of a Benjamite family (1Ch 7:10); Rhamessai, A and Lucian, Tharseis

(2) One of the "seven princes" at the court of Ahasuerus (Es 1:14 Massoretic Text).

(3) The Hebrew name of a precious stone (Eze 10:9 margin, English Versions of the Bible "beryl"; Ex 28:20; 39:13; Eze 1:16; 28:13; So 5:14; Da 10:6).

See STONES, PRECIOUS.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Tarshish

A Sanscrit or Aryan word, meaning “the sea coast.” (1.) One of the “sons” of Javan (Gen. 10:4; 1 Chr. 1:7).

(2.) The name of a place which first comes into notice in the days of Solomon. The question as to the locality of Tarshish has given rise to not a little discussion. Some think there was a Tarshish in the East, on the Indian coast, seeing that “ships of Tarshish” sailed from Eziongeber, on the Red Sea (1 Kings 9:26; 22:48; 2 Chr. 9:21). Some, again, argue that Carthage was the place so named. There can be little doubt, however, that this is the name of a Phoenician port in Spain, between the two mouths of the Guadalquivir (the name given to the river by…

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(established). Probably Tartessus, a city and emporium of the Phoenicians in the south of Spain, represented as one of the sons of Javan. (Genesis 10:4; 1 Kings 10:22; 1 Chronicles 1:7; Psalms 48:7; Isaiah 2:16; Jeremiah 10:9; Ezekiel 27:12,25; Jonah 1:3; 4:2) The identity of the two places is rendered highly probable by the following circumstances: 1st. There is a very close similarity of name between them, Tartessus being merely Tarshish in the Aramaic form. 2nd. There seems to have been a special relation between…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

1. The second son of Javan, Ge 10:4.

2. Tartessus, an ancient city between two mouths of the Guadalquiver, in the south of Spain. It was a Phoenician colony, and was the most celebrated emporium in the west to which the Hebrews and Phoenicians traded. That Tarshish was situated in the west is evident from Ge 10:4, where it is joined with Elisha, Kittim, and Dodanim. See also Ps 72:10. According to Eze 38:13, it was an important place of trade; according to Jer 10:9, it exported silver, and according to Eze 27:12,25, silver, iron, tin, and lead to the Tyrian markets.…

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
לָלֶ֧כֶתla.Le.khet to go H1980 Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct common
1,549× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means to walk or go, used in many different contexts in the Bible. It can describe physical movement, but also spiritual or emotional journeys. Appears in various forms, such as 'to go' or 'to walk'.
Tyndale gloss
to go: walk
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָלַךְ (halak) means 'to go,' 'come,' or 'walk,' and covers a wide range of literal and figurative uses, including aspects of life and death. It can describe physical movement, moral conduct, and even influence on character. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hithpael, indicating different nuances like leading or traversing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָלַךְ 1546 vb. go, come, walk

Qal Impf. usually (629 t.) as if from ילך

lit.

of persons

Also of animals, in similar meanings and combinations

in like manner of inanimate things

The inf. abs. is often used

as in other vbs., quite independently

to intensify meaning of finite form

most noteworthy is the joining of the Inf. abs.

with a following Inf. abs. denoting a simutaneous action or process, and so emphasizing duration or continuance

with a foll. vb. fin. c. ו consec. (rare)

in cases where vb. fin. is foll. by Inf. abs. adj. denoting progress, advance

twice, where vb. fin. is not הלך, but another vb. denoting motion

quite by itself

13 t. the Inf. abs. = Imv. & is followed by Pf. consec.

akin to the use of Inf. abs. are some instances of Pt.

In combination with other verbal forms

Fig.; the most common uses follow; in most the origin in a literal meaning is evident:

pass away, die

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1980 הָלַךְ go, come, walk .Impf. usually (629 t.) as if from ילך . lit. . of persons

. Also of animals, in similar meanings and combinations

. in like manner of inanimate things

. The inf. abs. is often used . as in other vbs., quite independently

. to intensify meaning of finite form

. most noteworthy is the joining of the Inf. abs. . with a following Inf. abs. denoting a simutaneous action or process, and so emphasizing duration or continuance

. with a foll. vb. fin. c. ו consec. (rare)

. in cases where vb. fin. is foll. by Inf. abs. + adj. denoting progress, advance

. twice, where vb. fin. is not הלך, but another vb. denoting motion

. quite by itself

. 13 t. the Inf. abs. = Imv. & is followed by Pf. consec.

. akin to the use of Inf. abs. are some instances of Pt.

. In combination with other verbal forms

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1980 halak haw-lak'

akin to 3212; a primitive root; to walk (in a great variety

of applications, literally and figuratively):--(all) along,

apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant,

depart, + be eased, enter, exercise (self), + follow, forth,

forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on,

out, up and down), + greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead,

march, X more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away),

be at the point, quite, run (along), + send, speedily, spread,

still, surely, + tale-bearer, + travel(-ler), walk (abroad,

on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax,

(way-)faring man, X be weak, whirl.

see HEBREW for 03212

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: went.

: went/go[away]

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

1c2) to walk about

1d) (Niphal) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: come.

: come[nearer]

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

1c2) to walk about

1d) (Niphal) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: walk.

: walk/move

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Vqcc — Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct common
HR/Vqcc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

(halakh, yalakh, bo', yatsa'; ago, hupago, anabaino, erchomi, aperchomai, poreuomai): "Go" ("went," etc.) occurs very frequently in the English Bible, and is the translation of a great many different Hebrew and Greek terms. As the word implies movement of all kinds, physical and mental, it has naturally many applications.

1. In the Old Testament:

In the Old Testament halakh and yalakh are among the commonest words, meaning "to go" in its original sense of "to walk," but also in the most varied senses, according to the verbal conjugations, etc., the preposition attached, and the words in connection with which the terms stand; halakh and yalakh are often used figuratively (translated "to walk," etc.) for to live, to pursue a way of life, e.g. "to walk ever in his ways" (De 19:9; compare

Mt 9:13; 21:28; 28:7; Lu 10:37; Joh 8:11

--SEE Divine Direction, GUIDANCE

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
אוֹפִ֛ירָה'o.Fi.rah Ophir towards H211 Noun proper · suffix
13× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ophir is a name and a place in the Bible, referring to a son of Joktan and a region in southern Arabia known for its gold trade. King Solomon traded with Ophir to obtain gold and other valuable goods.
Tyndale gloss
Ophir
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אוֹפִיר (Ophir) refers to both a person and a place. It is the name of Joktan's eleventh son and a region known for its gold, mentioned in the context of Solomon's trade routes. The term may also poetically describe fine gold. The exact derivation is uncertain, and some sources suggest it means 'reducing to ashes'.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אוֹפִיר n.pr. Ophir

n.pr.m. 11th son of Joktan

n.pr.loc. (land or city S. or SE. fr. Palestine) place whither Sol.’s ships went fr. Ezion Geber, bringing thence gold

characteristic of fine gold (poet. & late)

hence for fine gold itself

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H211 אוֹפִיר Ophir

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

211 'Owphiyr o-feer'

or (shortened) pOphiyr {o-feer'}; and fOwphir {o- feer'}; of

uncertain derivation; Ophir, the name of a son of Joktan, and

of a gold region in the East:--Ophir.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אוֹפִיר (o.phir) — Ophir.

A man living at the time of the Patriarchs, first mentioned at Gen.10.29;

son of: Joktan (H3355);

brother of: Almodad (H0486), Sheleph (H8026), Hazarmaveth (H2700), Jerah (H3392), Hadoram (H1913A), Uzal (H0187), Diklah (H1853), Obal (H5745), Abimael (H0039), Sheba (H7614H), Havilah (H2341I) and Jobab (H3103)

§ Ophir = "reducing to ashes"

1) eleventh son of Joktan

2) a land or city in southern Arabia in Solomon's trade route where gold evidently was traded for goods

3) characteristic of fine gold

4) fine gold

אוֹפִיר (o.phir) — Ophir.

§ Ophir = "reducing to ashes"

a land or city in southern Arabia in Solomon's trade route where gold evidently was traded for goods

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl/Sd — Noun proper · suffix
HNpl/Sd
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
לַזָּהָ֖בla.za.Hav for gold H2091 Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
389× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Gold is a valuable metal, also used to describe something yellow or brilliant, like oil or a clear sky. It is often mentioned in the Bible as a precious resource.
Tyndale gloss
gold
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

זָהָב (zahab) means gold and is derived from an unused root that conveys the idea of shimmering. It encompasses various aspects of gold, including its value as a precious metal, its use as a measure of weight, and its figurative brilliance. The term appears in contexts related to wealth, merchandise, and gifts.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

זָהָב 385 n.m. gold

= gold-ore, gold in raw state

gold as wealth

gold as spoil of war

gold as merchandise

gold as costly gift

gold as material

gold described by its source

gold defined by var. adj. and pts.

as measure of weight and value

= golden oil, from colour

often named with

the chief vbs. used

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H2091 זָהָב gold

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

2091 zahab zaw-hawb'

from an unused root meaning to shimmer; gold, figuratively,

something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky:--

gold(-en), fair weather.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

זָהָב (za.hav) — gold.

1) gold

1a) as precious metal

1b) as a measure of weight

1c) of brilliance, splendour (fig.)

Aramaic equivalent: de.hav (דְּהַב "gold" H1722)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HRd/Ncmsa — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absolute
HRd/Ncmsa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

gold (zahabh; chrusos):

1. Terms:

No metal has been more frequently mentioned in Old Testament writings than gold, and none has had more terms applied to it. Among these terms the one most used is zahabh. The Arabic equivalent, dhahab, is still the common name for gold throughout Palestine, Syria and Egypt. With zahabh frequently occur other words which, translated, mean "pure" (Ex 25:11), "refined" (1Ch 28:18), "finest" (1Ki 10:18), "beaten" (1Ki 10:17), "Ophir" (Ps 45:9).

Other terms occurring are: paz, "fine gold" (Job 28:17;

Gold

(1.) Heb. zahab, so called from its yellow colour (Ex. 25:11; 1 Chr. 28:18; 2 Chr. 3:5).

(2.) Heb. segor, from its compactness, or as being enclosed or treasured up; thus precious or “fine gold” (1 Kings 6:20; 7:49).

(3.) Heb. paz, native or pure gold (Job 28:17; Ps. 19:10; 21:3, etc.).

(4.) Heb. betzer, “ore of gold or silver” as dug out of the mine (Job 36:19, where it means simply riches).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Gold was known from the very earliest times. (Genesis 2:11) It was at first used chiefly for ornaments, etc. (Genesis 24:22) Coined money was not known to the ancients till a comparatively late period; and on the Egyptian tombs gold is represented as being weighed in rings for commercial purposes. Comp. (Genesis 43:21) Gold was extremely abundant in ancient times, (1 Chronicles 22:14; 2 Chronicles 1:15; 9:9; Daniel 3:1; Nahum 2:9) but this did not depreciate its value, because of the enormous quantities consumed by…

American Tract Society Bible Dictionary

A well-known valuable metal, found in many parts of the world, and obtained anciently in Ophir, Job 28:16; Parvaim, 2Ch 3:6; Sheba, and Raamah, Eze 27:22. Job alludes to gold in various forms, Job 22:24 28:15-19. Abraham was rich in it, and female ornaments were early made of it, Ge 13:2 24:22,35. It is spoken of throughout Scripture; and the use of it among and ancient Hebrews, in its native and mixed state, and for the same purposes as at present, was very common. The Ark of the Covenant was overlaid with pure gold; the mercy seat, the vessels and utensils belonging to the tabernacle, and those also of the house of…

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
וְלֹ֣אve.Lo' and not H3808 Conjunction · particle
5,170× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for not or no is used to indicate absence or negation, as when God says no to the Israelites' requests, or when they disobey His commands.
Tyndale gloss
not
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

לֹא (lo') is a Hebrew word meaning 'not' or 'no.' It serves as a simple negation and can imply absence or prohibition. The word can also be used in various contexts, often combined with other particles for emphasis or clarification. Its Aramaic equivalent is לָא (la), which also means 'not.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

לֹא or לוֹא adv. not

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3808 לֹא or לוֹא not

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3808 lo' lo

or lowi {lo}; or loh (Deut. 3:11) {lo}; a primitive particle;

not (the simple or abs. negation); by implication, no; often

used with other particles (as follows):--X before, + or else,

ere, + except, ig(-norant), much, less, nay, neither, never,

no((-ne), -r, (-thing)), (X as though...,(can-), for) not (out

of), of nought, otherwise, out of, + surely, + as truly as, +

of a truth, + verily, for want, + whether, without.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

לֹא (lo) — not.

1) not, no

1a) not (with verb-absolute prohibition)

1b) not (with modifier-negation)

1c) nothing (subst)

1d) without (with particle)

1e) before (of time)

Aramaic equivalent: la (לָא "not" H3809)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HC/Tn — Conjunction · particle
HC/Tn
The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
הָלָ֑ךְha.Lakh it went H1980 Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
1,549× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Means to walk or go, used in many different contexts in the Bible. It can describe physical movement, but also spiritual or emotional journeys. Appears in various forms, such as 'to go' or 'to walk'.
Tyndale gloss
to go: walk
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

הָלַךְ (halak) means 'to go,' 'come,' or 'walk,' and covers a wide range of literal and figurative uses, including aspects of life and death. It can describe physical movement, moral conduct, and even influence on character. The verb appears in various forms, such as Qal, Piel, and Hithpael, indicating different nuances like leading or traversing.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

הָלַךְ 1546 vb. go, come, walk

Qal Impf. usually (629 t.) as if from ילך

lit.

of persons

Also of animals, in similar meanings and combinations

in like manner of inanimate things

The inf. abs. is often used

as in other vbs., quite independently

to intensify meaning of finite form

most noteworthy is the joining of the Inf. abs.

with a following Inf. abs. denoting a simutaneous action or process, and so emphasizing duration or continuance

with a foll. vb. fin. c. ו consec. (rare)

in cases where vb. fin. is foll. by Inf. abs. adj. denoting progress, advance

twice, where vb. fin. is not הלך, but another vb. denoting motion

quite by itself

13 t. the Inf. abs. = Imv. & is followed by Pf. consec.

akin to the use of Inf. abs. are some instances of Pt.

In combination with other verbal forms

Fig.; the most common uses follow; in most the origin in a literal meaning is evident:

pass away, die

Read the full entry →
Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H1980 הָלַךְ go, come, walk .Impf. usually (629 t.) as if from ילך . lit. . of persons

. Also of animals, in similar meanings and combinations

. in like manner of inanimate things

. The inf. abs. is often used . as in other vbs., quite independently

. to intensify meaning of finite form

. most noteworthy is the joining of the Inf. abs. . with a following Inf. abs. denoting a simutaneous action or process, and so emphasizing duration or continuance

. with a foll. vb. fin. c. ו consec. (rare)

. in cases where vb. fin. is foll. by Inf. abs. + adj. denoting progress, advance

. twice, where vb. fin. is not הלך, but another vb. denoting motion

. quite by itself

. 13 t. the Inf. abs. = Imv. & is followed by Pf. consec.

. akin to the use of Inf. abs. are some instances of Pt.

. In combination with other verbal forms

Read the full entry →
Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

1980 halak haw-lak'

akin to 3212; a primitive root; to walk (in a great variety

of applications, literally and figuratively):--(all) along,

apace, behave (self), come, (on) continually, be conversant,

depart, + be eased, enter, exercise (self), + follow, forth,

forward, get, go (about, abroad, along, away, forward, on,

out, up and down), + greater, grow, be wont to haunt, lead,

march, X more and more, move (self), needs, on, pass (away),

be at the point, quite, run (along), + send, speedily, spread,

still, surely, + tale-bearer, + travel(-ler), walk (abroad,

on, to and fro, up and down, to places), wander, wax,

(way-)faring man, X be weak, whirl.

see HEBREW for 03212

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: went.

: went/go[away]

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

1c2) to walk about

1d) (Niphal) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: come.

: come[nearer]

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

1c2) to walk about

1d) (Niphal) to lead, bring, lead away, carry, cause to walk

הָלַךְ (ha.lakh) — to go: walk.

: walk/move

1) to go, walk, come

1a) (Qal)

1a1) to go, walk, come, depart, proceed, move, go away

1a2) to die, live, manner of life (fig.)

1b) (Piel)

1b1) to walk

1b2) to walk (fig.)

1c) (Hithpael)

1c1) to traverse

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVqp3ms — Verb · Qal · perfect third person masculine singular
HVqp3ms
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
כִּֽי־ki- for H3588 Particle
4,483× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
A conjunction used to show cause or connection, as in Genesis 2:23 where Adam says the woman is bone of his bone because she was taken out of him. It is often translated as 'for', 'because', or 'since'.
Tyndale gloss
for
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

כִּי (ki) is a conjunction primarily meaning 'that,' 'for,' or 'when.' It indicates causal relationships and can express conditions like 'if' or 'though.' The word is versatile, appearing in various contexts to convey certainty, exception, or concession. Notably, it can combine with other particles to modify its meaning, such as in the phrase כִּי אם־ (ki im), meaning 'that if.'

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

כִּי conj. that, for, when

that

Of time, when, of the past

elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

Because, since

base

כִּי אם־

each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause:

that if

for if

(About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause—

limiting the prec. clause, except

the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

after an oath, surely

base

כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H3588a כִּי that, for, when . that

. . Of time, when, of the past

. elsewhere כִּי has a force approximating to if, though it usu. represents a case as more likely to occur than אִם

. when or if, with a concessive force, i.e. though

. Because, since

H3588b כִּי אם־ . each part. retaining its independent force, and relating to a different clause: . that if

. for if

. (About 140 t.) the two particles being closely conjoined, and relating to the same clause— . limiting the prec. clause, except

. the if being neglected, and treated as pleonastic, so that the clause is no longer a limitation of the preceding clause but a contradiction of it: but rather, but

. after an oath, surely

H3588c כִּי עַל כֵּן forasmuch as

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

3588 kiy kee

a primitive particle (the full form of the prepositional

prefix) indicating causal relations of all kinds, antecedent

or consequent; (by implication) very widely used as a relative

conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by

other particles annexed:--and, + (forasmuch, inasmuch,

where-)as, assured(-ly), + but, certainly, doubtless, + else,

even, + except, for, how, (because, in, so, than) that, +

nevertheless, now, rightly, seeing, since, surely, then,

therefore, + (al- )though, + till, truly, + until, when,

whether, while, whom, yea, yet.

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

כִּי (ki) — for.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

1e) that if, for if, indeed if, for though, but if

1f) but rather, but

1g) except that

1h) only, nevertheless

1i) surely

1j) that is

1k) but if

1l) for though

1m) forasmuch as, for therefore

כִּי [אם] (ki im) — that if: except.

1) except if

1a) but if

1b) even though

כִּי [עַל כֵּן] (ki [al ken]) — for as that: since.

1) that, for, because, when, as though, as, because that, but, then, certainly, except, surely, since

1a) that

1a1) yea, indeed

1b) when (of time)

1b1) when, if, though (with a concessive force)

1c) because, since (causal connection)

1d) but (after negative)

Read the full entry →
Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HTc — Particle
HTc
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

for (ki (conjunction), le, from 'el (preposition), and various other words. In the New Testament also the words are various, chiefly gar, kai gar, hoti (conjunctions); anti apo eis dia (accusative), epi (dative and accusative), peri (genitive), pros (genitive and accusative), huper (genitive) (prepositions)): the English Revised Version and the American Standard Revised Version give in many cases more literal or more accurate renderings than those in the King James Version.

In the New Testament the most important preps. from a doctrinal point of view are anti, "face to face," "over against," "instead," "on behalf of," peri, "around," "about," "concerning," huper, "over," "on behalf of." The first has been claimed as stating the substitutionary nature of Christ's sacrifice as contrasted with huper and peri, more frequently used of it. But, although anti in the New Testament often means…

The company it keepswords that stand beside it more often than chance
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
נִשְׁבְּר֥וּnish.be.rah they were broken H7665 Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common plural
147× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
This word means to break or shatter something, either physically or emotionally. It can also mean to burst or rupture, and is often used to describe intense violence or destruction. In the Bible, it's translated as break or crush.
Tyndale gloss
to break
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

שָׁבַר (shabar) means to break or shatter, with various nuances including breaking in pieces, causing to break out (like bringing to birth), and being broken or crushed. It appears in different forms, such as Qal, Niphal, Piel, Hiphil, and Hophal, indicating active and passive meanings. The lexicons do not present any significant disagreements.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

שָׁבַר 148 vb. break, break in pieces

Qal 53 break, lit.

Niph. 57 be broken

Pi. 26 shatter, break

Hiph. cause to break out, i.e. bring to the birth

Hoph. be broken, shattered (in heart)

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H7665 שָׁבַר break, break in pieces .break, lit.

. be broken

. shatter, break

. cause to break out, i.e. bring to the birth

. be broken, shattered (in heart)

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

7665 shabar shaw-bar'

a primitive root; to burst (literally or

figuratively):--break (down, off, in pieces, up),

broken((-hearted)), bring to the birth, crush, destroy, hurt,

quench, X quite, tear, view (by mistake for 7663).

see HEBREW for 07663

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

שָׁבַר (sha.var) — to break.

1) to break, break in pieces

1a) (Qal)

1a1) break, break in or down, rend violently, wreck, crush, quench

1a2) to break, rupture (fig)

1b) (Niphal)

1b1) to be broken, be maimed, be crippled, be wrecked

1b2) to be broken, be crushed (fig)

1c) (Piel) to shatter, break

1d) (Hiphil) to cause to break out, bring to the birth

1e) (Hophal) to be broken, be shattered

Aramaic equivalent: te.var (תְּבַר "to break" H8406)

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HVNp3cp — Verb · Niphal · perfect third person common plural
HVNp3cp
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

bro'-k'-n: Occurs both as past participle of the verb translated "to break" and as an adjective, the former use will be dealt with here only so far as verbs occur which are thus translated but do not present the non-participial forms. Such are: meroach = "bruised," "emasculated" (Le 21:20); chathath = "to frustrate," hence, "to break down" either by violence or by confusion and fear (1Sa 2:10; Jer 48:20,39); dakhah = "to collapse" (Ps 44:19; 51:8); ratsats = "to crack in pieces" "crush" (Ec 12:6); kathath = "to bruise or violently strike," "break in pieces" (Isa…

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
אֳנִיּ֖וֹת'o.ni.Yot [the] ships H591 Noun common · feminine plural absolute
31× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
The Hebrew word for ship or fleet is used in the Bible to describe a vessel that sails on the water. It appears in Numbers 24:24 and Proverbs 30:19, often referring to the men who sail on these ships, known as seamen.
Tyndale gloss
fleet
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

אֳנִיָּה (oniyah) is a feminine noun meaning 'a ship.' It is derived from the root word for 'ship' and can refer to both the vessel itself and its crew, including seamen. The term appears in contexts related to maritime activities.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

אֳנִיָּה n.f. unit. a ship

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H591 אֳנִיָּה a ship

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

591 'oniyah on-ee-yaw'

feminine of 590; a ship:--ship((-men)).

see HEBREW for 0590

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

אֳנִיָּה (o.niy.yah) — fleet.

1) ship

1a) men of ships, seamen

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNcfpa — Noun common · feminine plural absolute
HNcfpa
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
Easton's Bible Dictionary

Ships

Early used in foreign commerce by the Phoenicians (Gen. 49:13). Moses (Deut. 28:68) and Job (9:26) make reference to them, and Balaam speaks of the “ships of Chittim” (Num. 24:24). Solomon constructed a navy at Ezion-geber by the assistance of Hiram’s sailors (1 Kings 9:26-28; 2 Chr. 8:18). Afterwards, Jehoshaphat sought to provide himself with a navy at the same port, but his ships appear to have been wrecked before they set sail (1 Kings 22:48, 49; 2 Chr. 20:35-37).

Torrey's New Topical Textbook

- Probably originated from the ark made by Noah

Ge 7:17,18

- Antiquity of, among the Jews

Ge 49:13; Jud 5:17

- DESCRIBED AS

. Gallant

Isa 33:21

. Large

Jas 3:4

. Strong

Isa 23:14

. Swift

Job 9:26

- Solomon built a navy of

1Ki 9:26

- MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE

. Of Chittim

Nu 24:24; Da 11:30

. Of Tarshish

Isa 23:1; 60:9

Thompson Chain Reference topics

Nu 24:24; 1Ki 9:26; 22:48; 2Ch 8:18; 9:21; 20:36; Isa 60:9; Jon 1:3

Ac 20:13; 27:2,41

Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
בְּעֶצְי֥וֹןbe.'etz.Yon at Ezion H6100 Preposition · noun proper
14× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ezion-geber was a place on the Red Sea where the Israelites stopped during their exodus, its name means 'backbone of a man'.
Tyndale gloss
Ezion-geber
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר (ets-yone' gheh'ber) refers to Ezion-geber, a location near Elath at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. The name is interpreted as 'backbone of a man' and is noted as the last station of the Israelites during their exodus before reaching the wilderness of Zin.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר n.pr.loc. near Elath at head of Gulf of Aḳaba

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6100 עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר near Elath at head of Gulf of Aḳaba

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6100 `Etsyown ets-yone' gheh'ber

(shorter) {Etsyon Geber, from 6096 and 1397; backbone-like of

a man; Etsjon-Geber, a place on the Red Sea:--Ezion-geber.

see HEBREW for 06096

see HEBREW for 01397

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר (ets.yon ge.ver) — Ezion-geber.

§ Ezion-geber = "backbone of a man"

the last station during the exodus of the Israelites before they came to the wilderness of Zin; located near Elath at the head of the Gulf of Akaba

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HR/Npl — Preposition · noun proper
HR/Npl
Jehoshaphat he made ships of Tarshish to go Ophir towards for gold and not it went for they were broken [the] ships at Ezion Geber
גָּֽבֶר׃Ga.ver Geber H6100 Noun proper
14× in the OT scale is logarithmic — the commonest word, אֵת, appears about 11,000×
In plain English
Meaning
Ezion-geber was a place on the Red Sea where the Israelites stopped during their exodus, its name means 'backbone of a man'.
Tyndale gloss
Ezion-geber
Hebrew lexiconskeyed to Strong's numbers
Layman’s summary of all Lexicon entries.generated

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר (ets-yone' gheh'ber) refers to Ezion-geber, a location near Elath at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. The name is interpreted as 'backbone of a man' and is noted as the last station of the Israelites during their exodus before reaching the wilderness of Zin.

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon (full)

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר n.pr.loc. near Elath at head of Gulf of Aḳaba

base

Brown-Driver-Briggs glosses

H6100 עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר near Elath at head of Gulf of Aḳaba

Strong's Hebrew Dictionary

6100 `Etsyown ets-yone' gheh'ber

(shorter) {Etsyon Geber, from 6096 and 1397; backbone-like of

a man; Etsjon-Geber, a place on the Red Sea:--Ezion-geber.

see HEBREW for 06096

see HEBREW for 01397

Translators Brief Hebrew Lexicon

עֶצְיוֹן גֶּ֫בֶר (ets.yon ge.ver) — Ezion-geber.

§ Ezion-geber = "backbone of a man"

the last station during the exodus of the Israelites before they came to the wilderness of Zin; located near Elath at the head of the Gulf of Akaba

Morphologythe parsing behind the code
Berean parsing
HNpl — Noun proper
HNpl
Bible dictionarieson the English sense
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

ge'-ber (gebher, "man," "strong one"):

(1) According to 1Ki 4:13 the King James Version the father of one of the 12 officers who provided food for Solomon and his household (but here the Revised Version (British and American) "Ben-geber"). His district lay to the Northeast of Jordan.

(2) Another, and the last in the list of Solomon's commissariat officers (1Ki 4:19). His district was also East of the Jordan, but probably to the South of that named in connection with the official of 4:13 (the Revised Version (British and American) "Ben-geber"). According to the rendering of English Versions of the Bible, he is said to have been "the only officer that was in the land." Unless the text, which presents some difficulties, is corrupt, as some suppose, it probably means that this large…

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Geber

A valiant man, (1 Kings 4:19), one of Solomon’s purveyors, having jurisdiction over a part of Gilead, comprising all the kingdom of Sihon and part of the kingdom of Og (Deut. 2; 31).

Smith's Bible Dictionary

(manly). The son of Geber resided in the fortress of Ramoth-gilead, and had charge of Havoth-jair and the district of Argob. (1 Kings 4:13) (B.C. 1013). Geber the son of Uri had a district south of the former --the "land of Gilead." (1 Kings 4:19)

Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary

manly, strong

Sources on this page. Lexicons and dictionaries imported from the CrossWire SWORD modules — Abbott-Smith, Strong's, Dodson, the Intermediate Liddell-Scott-Jones, Robinson and Packard, Webster and Cawdrey. Thayer’s Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Harper, 1889 — Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti, translated, revised and enlarged by Joseph Henry Thayer) is public domain and is set here from the Internet Archive page scan greekenglishlex00grim; it is uncorrected OCR, marked as such on the entry itself, and the Strong’s numbers — which Thayer’s own edition does not carry — were matched by lemma against the other modules on this page. Trench’s Synonyms of the New Testament (Macmillan, 1880) and Moulton and Milligan’s Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Hodder & Stoughton, 1930, which entered the United States public domain on 1 January 2026) are set from Internet Archive page scans synonymsofnewtes00treniala and vocabularyofgree00mouluoft, and are likewise uncorrected OCR matched to Strong’s numbers by lemma. Trench treats a group of words at once, so the same essay stands on the page of each word it compares. The Mounce Concise Greek-English Dictionary is © 1993 and is used here by permission for non-commercial use, www.teknia.com/greek-dictionary. The full Liddell-Scott-Jones and the Hebrew word data (TAHOT) come from STEPBible.org, CC BY 4.0. Brown-Driver-Briggs is the OpenScriptures digitisation, public domain. Syntax analysis is the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (biblicalhumanities.org); the concordance and morphology are built from the tagged Nestle 1904 text. Septuagint occurrences use the Open Scriptures Septuagint lemma index, derived from CCAT (University of Pennsylvania) and the Rahlfs 1935 dataset by Eliran Wong, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — used here on a non-commercial ministry site. Greek of Josephus and Barnabas from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA 4.0. Commentaries and the Ante-Nicene Fathers are public-domain texts hosted on this site. Everyday Greek from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, CC BY 3.0, with dates and provenance from the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis. Philo and the Apostolic Fathers from Open Greek and Latin (First1KGreek), CC BY-SA 4.0. The apparatus and the fifth Greek column are the SBL Greek New Testament, © 2010 SBL and Logos Bible Software, CC BY 4.0. The Latin is the Clementine Vulgate (public domain); the Syriac New Testament is the ETCBC edition (MIT licence). The Hebrew behind the Greek is computed here from the Septuagint index and TAHOT, not taken from any aligned edition. The translation spread and the per-word edition marks come from the Translators Amalgamated Greek NT (STEPBible, CC BY 4.0); clause roles from the Nestle 1904 Lowfat treebank (CC BY-SA 4.0); place identifications and their confidence from OpenBible.info Bible Geocoding (CC BY 4.0), with map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Gospel parallels are computed here from shared uncommon vocabulary, not taken from any printed harmony. Cross references are the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge and the subject headings are Nave’s Topical Bible, both public domain. Works under Creative Commons licences are used unchanged apart from markup removal.

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