Psalms 17:12 — Word Study
WLCדִּמְיֹנ֗וֹ כְּ֭אַרְיֵה יִכְס֣וֹף לִטְר֑וֹף וְ֝כִכְפִ֗יר יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּמִסְתָּרִֽים׃
BSAlike a lionʼărîy [greedy of his prey, desirous to tear] greedykâçaph▸ for preyṭâraph like a young lionkᵉphîyr [lurking in secret places, dwelling in hiding] lurkingyâshab in ambushmiçtâr
| Greek | English | Parsing |
|---|---|---|
| דִּמְיֹנ֗וֹ | likeness his | Noun common feminine singular construct, suffix |
| כְּ֭אַרְיֵה | [is] like a lion | Preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| יִכְס֣וֹף | [which] it longs | Verb, Qal, imperfect third person masculine singular |
| לִטְר֑וֹף | to tear to pieces | Preposition, verb qal infinitive construct common |
| וְ֝כִכְפִ֗יר | and like a young lion | Conjunction, preposition, noun common masculine singular absolute |
| יֹשֵׁ֥ב | [which] sits | Verb, Qal, participle (active) masculine singular |
| בְּמִסְתָּרִֽים׃ | in hiding places | Preposition, noun common masculine plural absolute |
Every word in the verse. Click a row to open it in the panel on the left.
| BSB | like a lion greedy for prey, like a young lion lurking in ambush. |
| KJV | Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places. |
| ASV | He is like a lion that is greedy of his prey, And as it were a young lion lurking in secret places. |
| YLT | His likeness as a lion desirous to tear, As a young lion dwelling in secret places. |
| WEB | He is like a lion that is greedy of his prey, as it were a young lion lurking in secret places. |
| BBE | Like a lion desiring its food, and like a young lion waiting in secret places. |
The translations agree on the imagery of lions, maintaining the essence of the psalmist's comparison.
The verse presents two main comparisons, emphasizing the predatory nature of the enemies.
8 commentators on this verse
Gill, Jamieson, Poole, Trapp & more — read them ›
clause
verbכָּסַף
The sentence as the grammar sees it Open the tree ›
1 of 7 occurs nowhere else in the Old Testament — a word chosen on purpose.
Bars are logarithmic — אֵת, the commonest word in the Hebrew Bible, stands about 11,000 times, so a linear scale would leave everything else invisible. Click a row to open that word.
Deep Study — Psalms 17:12
Sections marked generated are written from the data on this page rather than by a named author. Everything else — the lexicon entries, the cross references, the manuscript readings, the counts — is quoted from its source unchanged.
Context — A Prayer for Deliverancegenerated
Psalm 17:12 describes the psalmist's feeling of being hunted by enemies who are likened to lions. This imagery emphasizes their predatory nature and the psalmist's vulnerability. The surrounding verses depict a plea for God’s intervention against these fierce adversaries, highlighting the contrast between the psalmist's reliance on God and the aggression of his foes.
Cross References
| Reference | Text (BSB) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Psalm 7:2 | or they will shred my soul like a lion and tear me to pieces with no one to rescue me. |
| 2 | Psalm 22:13 | They open their jaws against me like lions that roar and maul. |
| 3 | 2 Timothy 4:17 | But the Lord stood by me and strengthened me, so that through me the message would be fully proclaimed, and all the Gentiles would hear it. So I was delivered from the mouth of the lion. |
| 4 | 1 Peter 5:8 | Be sober-minded and alert. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. |
The Treasury of Scripture Knowledge — 4 references, hung on the phrase they belong to
The Key Word — דִּמְיֹנ֗וֹ, dim.yo.Nogenerated
The word דִּמְיֹן (dimyon) means 'likeness' or 'resemblance.' It is a noun in the feminine singular construct form, indicating possession or association, as seen in this context where it refers to the likeness of the lion.
The construction here emphasizes the psalmist's comparison of his enemies to lions, suggesting a ferocious and predatory nature. This word choice sets the tone for the vivid imagery that follows, enhancing the emotional weight of the psalmist's plea.
How Translations Differ — measured against the Berean Standard Biblegenerated
The translations generally agree on the imagery presented in this verse.
Sentence Structuregenerated
The finite verb יִכְס֣וֹף (yikhsof), meaning 'longs,' governs the entire verse. It is supported by two prepositional phrases that describe the subjects of the longing: כְּ֭אַרְיֵה (ke'aryeh) and וְ֝כִכְפִ֗יר (ve'khikhfir), both referring to lions.
The structure emphasizes the psalmist's perspective on his enemies, portraying them as dangerous predators. The word order highlights the intensity of the longing and the lurking nature of the young lion.
Septuagint Backgroundgenerated
The Septuagint translates כְּאַרְיֵה as λέων (leōn), which means 'lion.' This choice aligns with the Hebrew meaning, retaining the imagery of strength and ferocity.
For וְ֝כִכְפִ֗יר, the Septuagint uses σκύμνος (skymnos), referring to a young lion. This translation preserves the original intent of depicting a young lion's stealthy behavior.
In plain words — the whole versegenerated
Psalm 17:12 compares the psalmist's enemies to lions. The imagery of a lion greedy for prey and a young lion lurking in ambush illustrates the danger posed by these adversaries. The psalmist expresses a deep desire for God's protection from these fierce threats.
Frequently Asked Questionsgenerated
The psalmist uses this imagery to convey the ferocity and predatory nature of his enemies, suggesting they are dangerous and relentless in their pursuit.
The psalmist feels surrounded and hunted by his enemies, which leads him to cry out for God's deliverance and protection.
The lion imagery heightens the sense of urgency and danger in the psalm, making the plea for help more poignant and desperate.
The psalmist's prayer teaches us to seek God's help in times of trouble and to express our fears and vulnerabilities honestly.
Reflection Questionsgenerated
- How do I respond to challenges in my life that feel overwhelming, like the psalmist?
- What images or metaphors resonate with me when I think about my own struggles?
- In what ways can I seek God's protection and guidance during difficult times?
- How can I support others who may feel surrounded by their own 'lions'?
The early church on this verse — how the Fathers read it
Early commentators reflect on this verse, noting how the imagery of lions relates to spiritual struggles and the need for divine assistance.
Through impure thoughts our adversary like a lion overcomes our mind.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 17 →
The demons surround our mind and try to entangle it like a wild beast, … and the richest baits are sinners who themselves have been allured by desires.Early Church Fathers on Psalms 17 →
Commentators on this verse — 8 expositors, verse by verse
Each of these wrote on Psalms 17:12 itself, not merely on the chapter around it.
John Gill1697–1771Gill's Exposition of the Entire BibleLike as a lion [that] is greedy of his prey,.... Or "the likeness of him is as a lion" (i); meaning Saul, as Kimchi interprets it; or everyone of them that compassed them about, as Aben Ezra
Read John Gill on Psalms 17 →Robert Jamieson1802–1880Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's CommentaryLike as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
Read Robert Jamieson on Psalms 17 →Matthew Poole1624–1679Matthew Poole's Commentary on the Holy BibleLike a lion that is greedy of his prey; when he is hungry, and therefore cruel. See 10:8-10.
Read Matthew Poole on Psalms 17 →John Trapp1601–1669Trapp's Complete Commentary on the Old and New TestamentsPsalms 17:12 Like as a lion [that] is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.Ver. 12. Like as a lion that is greedy, &c.] Cruelty and craft are conjoined in the Church’ s enemies; as the ape never wandereth alone, they say, without his companion. David here pointeth out some one special enemy (Saul likely), who should have been a shepherd, but proved a lion. As a young lion lurking] Therefore as we tender our safety, keep close to God, out of whose hands none can take us, no, not the roaring lion of hell.
Read John Trapp on Psalms 17 →Charles John Ellicott1819–1905Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers(12) Young lion.—Heb., kephir. The Hebrew has seven different names for the lion. Milton’s description of Satan naturally recurs to the reader— “About them round A lion now he stalks with fiery glare.”
Read Charles John Ellicott on Psalms 17 →AdamClarkeAdam Clarke's Commentary on the BibleVerse 12. Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey] I believe the word lion is here used to express Saul in his strength, kingly power, and fierce rapacity. See the observations at the end of the Psalm. See Clarke on Psalms 17:15.
Read AdamClarke on Psalms 17 →CambridgeThe Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges12. Like as a lion &c.] Lit., He is like a lion that is greedy to raven. (Psalms 22:13). One of the pursuers (Saul, if the singer is David) is conspicuous for ferocity and craftiness. Cp. Psalms 7:2; Psalms 10:8-9.
Read Cambridge on Psalms 17 →Albert Barnes1798–1870Barnes' Notes on the BibleLike as a lion - Margin, “The likeness of him” (that is, “of every one of them”) is “as a lion that desireth to ravin.” The meaning is plain. They were like a lion intent on securing his prey.
Read Albert Barnes on Psalms 17 →The verse in English, compared — 17 translations, and where they part company
Every translation on this page is a decision someone had to make and commit to. Read down a column and you see one translator's judgement; read across a row and you see the range the Greek actually allows. The BSB is the wording the rest of this page is measured against, so it is listed first.
Modern formal
like a lion greedy for prey, like a young lion lurking in ambush.
He is like a lion that is greedy of his prey, as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
like a lion greedy for prey, like a young lion lurking in ambush.
He is like a lion that wants to tear its prey to bits, like a young lion crouching in hidden places.
Tyndale line
Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
He is like a lion that is greedy of his prey, And as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
He is like a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
Like as a lion that is greedy of his prey, and as it were a young lion lurking in secret places.
Like as a lyon that is greedy of pray, and as it were a lyons whelp lurking in secret places.
Strictly literal
He is like a lion that is greedy of its prey, and as a young lion lurking in secret places.
His likeness as a lion desirous to tear, As a young lion dwelling in secret places.
His likeness as a lion desirous to tear, || As a young lion dwelling in secret places.
Every man is just like a lion that is greedy to tear his prey, and like a young lion lurking in a covert.
They are like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places.
From the Latin
And he made darkness his covert, his pavilion round about him: dark waters in the clouds of the air.
Simplified
They are like lions, longing to tear their prey apart; like fierce lions crouching in ambush.
Like a lion desiring its food, and like a young lion waiting in secret places.
Counted from the translations carried on this site, not from a survey of every English Bible. A rendering shared by many versions is usually inherited rather than independently arrived at — the Tyndale line in particular runs through most of them.
The sentence as the grammar sees it — from the MACULA Hebrew treebank
This is not our own analysis: it is the scholarly syntax tree for the verse, showing how the clause actually holds together.
Boxes are the grammarian's groupings — clause, noun phrase, prepositional phrase.
The four witnesses to this verse — Masoretic, Septuagint, Samaritan, Qumran
The Masoretic Text and the Septuagint agree closely, with all seven words matched in the Hebrew text. The Dead Sea Scrolls show minor restoration, indicating some words were supplied by an editor, but they largely align with the Masoretic Text.
דִּמְיֹנ֗וֹ כְּ֭אַרְיֵה יִכְס֣וֹף לִטְר֑וֹף וְ֝כִכְפִ֗יר יֹשֵׁ֥ב בְּמִסְתָּרִֽים׃
7 of the 7 words are matched. This is the word-by-word correspondence, not the Septuagint's own sentence — its word order and its articles are its own.
[דמינ׳ו] [כאריה] יכסוף לטרוף וככפיר יושב [במסתרים]
3 words on the leather — 1 partly restored, 3 supplied entire by an editor.
Four traditions, not one. “On the leather” means the letters physically survive on the scroll, as against letters an editor has supplied to fill a hole in it — a restoration is a scholar’s reading, not a reading of the manuscript. Words in [square brackets] are supplied; the notes count them apart from what survives.
The map of this verse — what each word keeps company with
This is a map of two things, both counted rather than judged. Company kept: which words stand within three words of each of these, anywhere in the Hebrew Bible — the thicker the line, the more often the pair meet compared with chance. Built from: the words a word is made out of, taken from its own Strong’s entry. It is not a map of meaning: nothing here claims two words mean the same thing. Click any circle to see the numbers behind it.
Lexicons — every word in Psalms 17:12
One dossier per word, with every reference work grouped by kind — Hebrew lexicons, morphology, Bible dictionaries, topical chains and the English of the translators themselves. The verse sits at the head of each block with the word under study lit, so you never lose your place. The panel above gives the short answer; this is the long one, and it is the part of the page worth indexing.
Every entry below is the lexicographer's own text. On the Hebrew: Brown-Driver-Briggs entire and its gloss set, Strong's Hebrew Dictionary, and Tyndale House's Translators Brief lexicon. Where a cell says a work has no entry, that work genuinely has none for this word.
[דִּמְיֹן] n.[m.] likeness, ψ 17:12 his likeness is as a lion, i.e. he is like a lion.
ref
H1825 דִּמְיֹן, דִּמְיוֹן
1825 dimyown dim-yone'
from 1819; resemblance:--X like.
see HEBREW for 01819
דִּמְיֹן (dim.yon) — likeness.
likeness
HNcfsc/Sp3ms — Noun common feminine singular construct · suffixHNcfsc/Sp3ms
אֲרִי (ariy) and אַרְיֵה (aryeh) both mean 'lion' in Hebrew, referring to the animal itself or images of it. The word is derived from a root associated with violence. The entries do not indicate any significant disagreement among lexicons.
אֲרִי n.m. lion
base
אַרְיֵה n.m. lion
base
H738a אֲרִי lion H738b אַרְיֵה lion
738 'ariy ar-ee'
or (prolonged) earyeh {ar-yay'}; from 717 (in the sense of
violence); a lion:--(young) lion, + pierce (from the margin).
see HEBREW for 0717
אֲרִי (a.ri) — lion.
1) lion
1a) pictures or images of lions
אַרְיֵה (ar.yeh) — lion.
1) lion
1a) pictures or images of lions
Aramaic equivalent: ar.yeh (אַרְיֵה "lion" H0744)
Prep | N-ms — Preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHR/Ncmsa
li'-un:
(1) Occurring most often in the Old Testament is 'aryeh, plural 'ardyoth. Another form, 'ari, plural 'arayim, is found less often.
1. Names:
Compare 'ari'el, "Ariel" (Ezr 8:16; Isa 29:1,2,7); char'el, "upper altar," and 'ari'el, "altar hearth" (Eze 43:15); 'aryeh, "Arieh" (2Ki 15:25); 'ar'eli, "Areli" and "Arelites" (Ge 46:16; Nu 26:17).
"The most powerful, daring and impressive of all carnivorous animals, the most magnificent in aspect and awful in voice." At present lions do not exist in Palestine; but they must in ancient times have been numerous. The lion of Palestine was in all probability the Asiatic variety, described by Aristotle and Pliny as distinguished by its short and curly mane, and by being shorter and rounder in shape, like the sculptured lion found at Arban. It was less daring than the longer named species, but when driven by hunger it not only ventured to attack the flocks in the desert in presence of the shepherd, (1 Samuel 17:34; Isaiah 31:4) but laid waste towns and villages, (2 Kings 17:25,26; Proverbs 22:13; 26:13) and devoured men.…
The well-known and noble king of beasts, frequently spoken of in Scripture. He often exceeds eight feet in length and four feet in height; and his majestic and dauntless aspect, his prodigious strength and agility, and his peculiar roar, make him the terror of the forests. Lions were common in Palestine, (See JORDAN,) and the Hebrews had seven different names for them, to distinguish the different ages, etc. Five of these occur together in Job 4:10,11. See also Na 2:11,12. The psalmist alludes to the stealthy creeping of the lion till he can spring upon his prey, when he says of the crafty wicked man, "He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den; .... he croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones." The Bible reader will remember the exploits of…
כָּסַף (kacaph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to long for or yearn. It conveys a sense of deep desire or longing, and can also imply fear. The word appears in both the Qal and Niphal forms, indicating both the act of longing and being longed for. Brown-Driver-Briggs provides examples of its use, illustrating its emotional depth.
[כָּסַף] vb. long (for)
Qal for the work of thy hands thou wouldest long; like a lion that longeth to rend.
Niph. thou didst long sorely for thy father’s house
base
H3700 [כָּסַף] long (for)
3700 kacaph kaw-saf'
a primitive root; properly, to become pale, i.e. (by
implication) to pine after; also to fear:--(have) desire, be
greedy, long, sore.
כָּסַף (ka.saph) — to long.
1) to long for, yearn for, long after
1a) (Qal) to long for
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to long for (deeply)
1b2) being longed for (participle)
V-Qal-Imperf-3ms — Verb · Qal · imperfect third person masculine singularHVqi3ms
טָרַף (taraph) is a Hebrew verb meaning to tear, rend, or pluck. It can describe the action of tearing in various forms, such as being torn in pieces or providing food. The entries indicate a range of uses, from physical tearing to metaphorical feeding, with specific examples in contexts like animals being torn apart.
טָרַף vb. tear, rend, pluck
Qal tear, rend
Niph. of animal torn
Pu. Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces
Hiph. let me devour my appointed bread
base
H2963 טָרַף tear, rend, pluck
2963 taraph taw-raf'
a primitive root; to pluck off or pull to pieces; causatively
to supply with food (as in morsels):--catch, X without doubt,
feed, ravin, rend in pieces, X surely, tear (in pieces).
טָרַף (ta.raph) — to tear.
1) to tear, rend, pluck
1a) (Qal) to tear, rend
1b) (Niphal) to be torn in pieces
1c) (Poal) to be torn in pieces
1d) (Hiphil) to provide food
Prep | V-Qal-Inf-a — Preposition · verb qal infinitive construct commonHR/Vqcc
Pieces
(1) of silver. In Ps. 68:30 denotes “fragments,” and not properly money. In 1 Sam. 2:36 (Heb. agorah), properly a “small sum” as wages, weighed rather than coined. Josh. 24:32 (Heb. kesitah, q.v.), supposed by some to have been a piece of money bearing the figure of a lamb, but rather simply a certain amount. (Comp. Gen. 33:19).
(2.) The word pieces is omitted in many passages, as Gen. 20:16; 37:28; 45:22, etc. The passage in Zech. 11:12, 13 is quoted in the Gospel (Matt. 26:15), and from this we…
The Hebrew word כְּפִיר (*kefir*) primarily means 'young lion,' while its plural form כְּפִירִים (*kefirim*) likely refers to 'villages.' The word is built from the root associated with 'covering,' suggesting a connection to both young lions and enclosed spaces. It appears in Nehemiah 6:2.
כְּפִיר n.m. young lion
base
כְּפִירִים Ne 6:2, prob. = foregoing [כְּפִירָה] (𝔊 al. n. appell. = villages).
done
H3715a כְּפִיר young lion H3715b כְּפִירִים prob. = כְּפִירָה
3715 kphiyr kef-eer'
from 3722; a village (as covered in by walls); also a young
lion (perhaps as covered with a mane):--(young) lion, village.
Compare 3723.
see HEBREW for 03722
see HEBREW for 03723
כְּפִיר (ke.phir) — lion.
young lion
כְּפִירִים (ke.phi.rim) — Hakkephirim.
village
Another name of o.no (אוֹנוֹ "Ono" H0207)
כְּפִירִים (ke.phi.rim) — villages.
village
Conj | Prep | N-ms — Conjunction · preposition · noun common masculine singular absoluteHC/R/Ncmsa
li'-un:
(1) Occurring most often in the Old Testament is 'aryeh, plural 'ardyoth. Another form, 'ari, plural 'arayim, is found less often.
1. Names:
Compare 'ari'el, "Ariel" (Ezr 8:16; Isa 29:1,2,7); char'el, "upper altar," and 'ari'el, "altar hearth" (Eze 43:15); 'aryeh, "Arieh" (2Ki 15:25); 'ar'eli, "Areli" and "Arelites" (Ge 46:16; Nu 26:17).
"The most powerful, daring and impressive of all carnivorous animals, the most magnificent in aspect and awful in voice." At present lions do not exist in Palestine; but they must in ancient times have been numerous. The lion of Palestine was in all probability the Asiatic variety, described by Aristotle and Pliny as distinguished by its short and curly mane, and by being shorter and rounder in shape, like the sculptured lion found at Arban. It was less daring than the longer named species, but when driven by hunger it not only ventured to attack the flocks in the desert in presence of the shepherd, (1 Samuel 17:34; Isaiah 31:4) but laid waste towns and villages, (2 Kings 17:25,26; Proverbs 22:13; 26:13) and devoured men.…
The well-known and noble king of beasts, frequently spoken of in Scripture. He often exceeds eight feet in length and four feet in height; and his majestic and dauntless aspect, his prodigious strength and agility, and his peculiar roar, make him the terror of the forests. Lions were common in Palestine, (See JORDAN,) and the Hebrews had seven different names for them, to distinguish the different ages, etc. Five of these occur together in Job 4:10,11. See also Na 2:11,12. The psalmist alludes to the stealthy creeping of the lion till he can spring upon his prey, when he says of the crafty wicked man, "He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den; .... he croucheth, and humbleth himself, that the poor may fall by his strong ones." The Bible reader will remember the exploits of…
יָשַׁב (yashab) is a Hebrew verb meaning to sit, remain, or dwell. It encompasses a range of actions from simply sitting down to more complex ideas like establishing a home or causing a place to be inhabited. The entries indicate various forms, including Qal (to sit), Niphal (to be inhabited), and Hiphil (to cause to dwell). There is an Aramaic equivalent, יְתִב (ye.tiv), meaning 'to dwell'.
יָשַׁב 1090 vb. sit, remain, dwell
Qal
sit
sit, sit down
sit down
sit = be set (as a jewel)
remain, stay, tarry
with special emphasis of qualifying phr.
dwell, have one’s abode
of a land or city, sit, abide, seated in its place, fig. for be inhabited
Niph. be inhabited, of land
Pi. and they shall set their encampments in thee
Hiph.
cause to sit
cause to abide
cause to dwell
cause cities to be inhabited
marry (prop. give a dwelling to)
Hoph. and ye be made to dwell alone in the midst of the land
base
H3427 יָשַׁב sit, remain, dwell
3427 yashab yaw-shab'
a primitive root; properly, to sit down (specifically as
judge. in ambush, in quiet); by implication, to dwell, to
remain; causatively, to settle, to marry:--(make to)
abide(-ing), continue, (cause to, make to) dwell(-ing), ease
self, endure, establish, X fail, habitation, haunt, (make to)
inhabit(-ant), make to keep (house), lurking, X marry(-ing),
(bring again to) place, remain, return, seat, set(- tle),
(down-)sit(-down, still, -ting down, -ting (place) -uate),
take, tarry.
יָשַׁב (ya.shav) — to dwell.
1) to dwell, remain, sit, abide
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to sit, sit down
1a2) to be set
1a3) to remain, stay
1a4) to dwell, have one's abode
1b) (Niphal) to be inhabited
1c) (Piel) to set, place
1d) (Hiphil)
1d1) to cause to sit
1d2) to cause to abide, set
1d3) to cause to dwell
1d4) to cause (cities) to be inhabited
1d5) to marry (give an dwelling to)
1e) (Hophal)
1e1) to be inhabited
1e2) to make to dwell
Aramaic equivalent: ye.tiv (יְתִב "to dwell" H3488)
V-Qal — Verb · Qal · participle (active) masculine singularHVqrmsa
מִסְתָּר (mictar) refers to a secret or hiding place, often associated with concealment for protection or, in some contexts, for illicit activities. It is derived from the root meaning 'to conceal.' The entries consistently emphasize its use as a covert location.
מִסְתָּר n.[m.] secret place, hiding-place
base
H4565 מִסְתָּר secret place, hiding-place
4565 mictar mis-tawr'
from 5641; properly, a concealer, i.e. a
covert:--secret(-ly, place).
see HEBREW for 05641
מִסְתָּר (mis.tar) — hiding.
1) secret place, hiding place
1a) secret place
1b) hiding place
1b1) for protection
1b2) for perpetration of crime
Prep | N-mp — Preposition · noun common masculine plural absoluteHR/Ncmpa