The Moods. Imperative, Jussive, and Cohortative.

The Moods. Imperative, Jussive, and Cohortative.
§ 60. The imper. is used, as in other languages, to express a command, advice (often ironical, 1 Kings 2:22, Amos 4:4), permission, or request. Besides the ordinary form one strengthened by ‏ה‎ may be used, to which or to the ordinary form the precative particle ‏נא‎ is often added; Genesis 27:26 ‏גְּשָׁה־נָּא וּשְַׁקָה־לִּי‎ come here and kiss me! Genesis 24:23 ‏הַגִּידִי נָא לִי‎ tell me! Exodus 20:12, 2 Samuel 18:23, Numbers 23:7.
The imper. is only used in 2nd pers.; for other persons the impf. (juss., coh.) must be employed; Genesis 18:4 ‏יֻקַּח־נָא מְעַט מַיִם‎ let some water be brought. Even for the 2nd pers. the impf. is often used, § 45, R. 4. Genesis 44:33, 1 Kings 1:2.
The imper. cannot be used with negative particles. The impf. must be used, whether with ‏לֹא‎, expressing a command, or with ‏אַל‎, expressing oftener dissuasion, deprecation. In the latter case the juss. is very common. Genesis 45:9 ‏רְדָה אֵלַי אַל־תַּֽעְַמֹד‎ come down to me, delay not; Deuteronomy 9:7 ‏זְכֹר אַל־תִּשְׁכַּח‎ remember, forget not. Genesis 18:3; Genesis 26:2; Genesis 37:22, Deuteronomy 31:6, 2 Kings 18:26-32, Isaiah 6:9, Jeremiah 4:3, Jeremiah 4:4. Exodus 20:3 seq.
Rem. 1. While the lengthened imper. originally expressed some subjective emphasis on the part of the speaker, it is often difficult to see any difference between the forms in usage, comp. Judges 9:8 with Judges 9:14, 1 Samuel 9:23. The extended form seems more courteous than the abrupt shorter form, but euphony always exerts an influence. In some cases the longer form has become fixed, as ‏חוּשָׁה‎ hasten, ‏עוּרָה‎ awake, ‏הַגִּישָׁה‎ bring near, ‏הִשָּֽׁבְעָה‎ swear, ‏הַקְשִׁיבָה‎ listen (exc. Job 33:31), and others.
Rem. 2. The imper. is sometimes interjected in descriptions of the fut., the speaker himself taking part in the events described, and directly addressing the subject of them. This imper. is equivalent to a strong subjective expression of fut., e.g. Isaiah 54:14 ‏רַֽחְַקִי‎ be far = thou shalt be far, Psalms 110:2, Job 5:22, 1 Samuel 10:7, Isaiah 37:30; Isaiah 65:18.
Rem. 3. In higher style the plur. imper. is used when no definite subj. is addressed; Isaiah 13:2 ‏שְׂאוּ־נֵס‎ lift up a signal! = let a signal be lifted up! Isaiah 14:21, and often.
Rem. 4. A number of imper. may follow one another, particularly in animated speech. Genesis 27:19, Jeremiah 5:1. Various forms appear. 1. ‏לֵךְ אֱמֹר‎ go, say, Deuteronomy 5:27, 2 Samuel 7:3, 1 Kings 18:8, 1 Kings 18:19, 1 Kings 18:41, 1 Kings 18:44; 1 Kings 19:5, Hosea 1:2. 2. ‏לך וֶֽאֱמֹר‎ go and say, 1 Kings 22:22, &c. 3. ‏לך וְאָֽמַרְתָּ‎, Deuteronomy 12:28, Judges 4:6, 2 Samuel 7:5, 1 Kings 19:11, Isaiah 6:9. 4. ‏הָלוֹךְ ואמרת‎, Jeremiah 2:1; Jeremiah 3:12, and often in Jer., 2 Samuel 24:12, 2 Kings 5:10.
Not uncommon formulas are, 1 Kings 20:7 ‏דְּעוּ־נא וּרְאוּ‎,1 Kings 20:22 sing., Jeremiah 2:19. Different order, Jeremiah 5:1-31; Jeremiah 1:1-19 ‏וראו־נא ודעו‎, cf. both forms, 1 Samuel 23:22, 1 Samuel 23:23.
§ 61. Jussive and Cohortative. —Besides the ordinary impf. there are two modified forms of it, the so-called Cohortative and the Jussive. The former, used in the first person, expresses the desire, will, or intention of the speaker when he himself is subj. of the action; the juss., used in second and third pers., expresses the speaker's desire, will, or command when others are the subj. of the action. The first form is called by some the Intentional; others embrace both under the name Voluntative.
When special cohort. and juss. forms exist they are generally used to express the senses just noted, but by no means uniformly, the simple impf. being often found where the modified forms might have been employed. Job 3:10 ‏אַל־יִרְאֶה‎ with Job 20:17 ‏אַל־יֵרֶא‎.
§ 62. Use of Cohort.—The coh. or intentional is used to express the will of the speaker in ref. to his own action, Deuteronomy 12:20 ‏אֹֽכְלָה בָשָׂר‎ I would eat flesh; Deuteronomy 17:14 ‏אָשִׂימָה עָלַי מֶלֶךְ‎ I will set a king over me; Deuteronomy 13:7 ‏נֵֽלְכָה וְנַֽעַבְדָה א׳ אְַחֵרִים‎ we will go and serve other gods. The particle ‏נא‎ is often added, Genesis 18:21 ‏אֵֽרְדָה־נָּא‎ I will go down, Exodus 3:3, Judges 19:11, Judges 19:13, Isaiah 5:1. The cohort. form is only occasional with neg., 2 Samuel 24:14 ‏נִפְּלָה־נָא בְיַד־י׳ וּבְיַד אָדָם אַל־אֶפֹּֽלָה‎... but into the hand of man let me not fall; Jeremiah 17:18; Jeremiah 18:18, Jonah 1:14, Psalms 25:2; Psalms 69:15. When there are several verbs one may have coh. form and the others not, or all may have it. Comp. Isaiah 1:24, Genesis 24:57, Psalms 26:6 with Genesis 22:5; Genesis 33:12, 2 Samuel 3:21, Hosea 2:7; Hosea 6:3, Psalms 27:6.—Thus when the speaker is free the coh. expresses intention or determination, or it may be desire; when he is dependent on others it expresses a wish or request. Genesis 11:3-4, Genesis 11:7; Genesis 12:2-3; Genesis 33:14; Genesis 50:5, Numbers 21:22, Deuteronomy 2:27, Judges 12:5, 1 Samuel 28:22, 2 Samuel 16:9, 1 Kings 19:20.
§ 63. Use of Jussive.—The juss. is used—(a) to express a command; 1 Samuel 10:8 ‏שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תּוֹחֵל‎ seven days thou shalt wait. Particularly in neg. sentences, Deuteronomy 3:26 ‏אַל־תּוֹסֶף דַּבֵּר אֵלַי עוֹד‎ speak to me no more; Hosea 4:4 ‏אִישׁ אַל־יָרֵב וְאַל־יוֹכַח אִישׁ‎ let none contend and none reprove. If there be several neg. clauses ‏לא‎ is often used after the first, 1 Kings 20:8 ‏אַל־תִּשְׁמַע וְלוֹא תֹאבֶה‎ listen not, nor consent, Amos 5:5; but in impassioned language ‏אל‎ is retained, Hosea 4:15, Obadiah 1:12-14.—Genesis 22:12; Genesis 30:34; Genesis 33:9; Genesis 45:20, Deuteronomy 15:3.
(b) To express advice or recommendation; Judges 15:2 her sister is prettier ‏תְּהִי־נָא לְךָ תַּחְתֶּיהָ‎ have her instead of her; Genesis 41:33 ‏יֵרֵא פַרְעֹה אִישׁ וִֽישִׁיתֵהוּ‎ (so Baer) let Ph. look out a man and place him; Genesis 41:34. Exodus 8:29, 1 Kings 1:2; 1 Kings 22:13.
(c) To express a wish, request, or entreaty; 1 Samuel 1:23 ‏יָקֵם י׳ דְּבָרוֹ‎ may Je. fulfil his word; 1 Kings 17:21 ‏תָּֽשָׁב־נָא נֶפֶשׁ־הַיֶּלֶד הַזֶּה‎ may the soul of this child return; Genesis 18:30 ‏אַל־נָא יִחַר לַֽאדֹנָי‎ be not angry, Lord. Genesis 13:8; Genesis 19:7; Genesis 26:28; Genesis 30:24; Genesis 31:49; Genesis 44:33; Genesis 45:5, Exodus 5:21, Numbers 23:10, 1 Samuel 24:15, 2 Samuel 19:37, 1 Kings 20:32.
Rem. 1. In a few cases the coh. appears in 3rd pers., Deuteronomy 33:16 (rd. ‏תבואה‎?). Isaiah 5:19, Psalms 20:3, Job 11:17. On the other hand a few cases occur of juss. in 1st pers., 1 Samuel 14:36, 2 Samuel 17:12, Isaiah 41:23 (Kth.), 28. These facts might suggest that coh. was at one time a complete tense-form (like Ar. energic), and that the same was true of juss. At present the fragmentary forms supplement each other.
Rem. 2. Except in neg. sent. the juss. of 2nd pers. is rare, the imper. being used. in 2nd pers. 1 Samuel 10:8, Ezekiel 3:3 (Sep. points Kal), Psalms 71:21. It is also rarely that the juss. is used after ‏לא‎; Genesis 24:8, 1 Samuel 14:36, 2 Samuel 17:12; 2 Samuel 18:14 (coh.), 1 Kings 2:6, Ezekiel 48:14. Deuteronomy 13:1?
Rem. 3. The form ‏יוֹסֵף‎ &c. (hiph. of ‏יסף‎) occurs with no juss. sense, e.g. Numbers 22:19, Deuteronomy 18:16, Hosea 9:15; John 2:2, Ezekiel 5:16. So Genesis 4:12 (hardly from being apod. of a condition). There seems a confusion with Kal of ‏אסף‎ as a ‏פ׳א‎; cf. 2 Samuel 6:1, Micah 4:6, Psalms 104:29.
On some anomalous uses of juss. and coh. cf. § 65, R. Psalms 5:6.