Relative Sentence

Relative Sentence
§ 142. The rel. sent. may be nominal or verbal, e.g. Deuteronomy 1:4 the Amorite ‏אשׁר יוֹשֵׁב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן‎ who dwelt. The Engl. relative sentence embraces various kinds of sentences, as—(a) the proper rel. sent., Genesis 18:8 he took ‏בֶּן־הַבָּקָר אְַשֶׁר עָשָׂה‎ the calf which he had made ready, in which the antecedent is determined; and (b) the attributive or descriptive sent., as Genesis 49:27 Benj. is ‏זְאֵב יִטְרָף‎ a wolf which ravins (a ravining w.), in which the antecedent is indefinite. In the former class of sentences the word ‏אשׁר‎ is expressed, in the descriptive and circumstantial sentences it is omitted. But the language does not strictly adhere to either side of the rule, e.g. Jeremiah 13:20 ‏אַיֵּה הָעֵדֶר נִתַּן־לָךְ‎ where is the flock that was committed to thee? Exodus 18:20. The omission of ‏אשׁר‎ where it should stand occurs mostly in poetry and elevated style. On omission of retrospective pron. cf. § 9 seq. In the following cases of omission of ‏אשׁר‎ it can be noted whether the omission be according to the rule a, b, above, or not.
§ 143. When the antecedent is expressed.—The ‏אשׁר‎ may be omitted—(a) When the retrospective pron. is subj., and whether this pron. be expressed (implied in the verb) or not. Deuteronomy 32:15 ‏וַיִּטּשׁ אֱלוֹהַּ עָשָׂהוּ‎ he forsook God who made him; Deuteronomy 32:17 new gods which had lately come. Jeremiah 13:20; Jeremiah 20:11; Jeremiah 31:25, Isaiah 10:3, Isaiah 10:24; Isaiah 30:5-6; Isaiah 40:20; Isaiah 55:13; Isaiah 56:2, and often in second half of Is., Micah 2:10, Son_1:3, Zephaniah 3:17, Job 31:12. Particularly in comparisons, Jeremiah 14:8-9; Jeremiah 23:29; Jeremiah 31:18, Hosea 6:3; Hosea 11:10, Psalms 38:13; Psalms 42:2; Psalms 49:13; Psalms 83:15; Psalms 125:1, Job 7:2; Job 11:16, Lamentations 3:1, Habakkuk 2:14.—So in nominal sent., Jeremiah 5:15 ‏גּוֹי אֵיתָן הוּא‎ a nation which is ancient. Genesis 15:13 ‏בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם‎ in a land which is not theirs. Genesis 39:4, cf. Genesis 39:5, Habakkuk 1:6, Psalms 58:4, Proverbs 26:17.
(b) When the retrosp. pron. is obj., whether it be expressed or not. Deuteronomy 32:17 ‏אלהים לֹא יְדָעוּם‎ gods whom they knew not, cf. Jeremiah 44:3. Isaiah 42:16 ‏בְּדֶרֶךְ לֹא יָדָֽעוּ‎ in a way which they know not. Micah 7:1, Isaiah 6:6; Isaiah 15:7; Isaiah 55:5, Psalms 9:15; Psalms 18:44; Psalms 118:22, Job 21:27. And in comparisons; Numbers 24:6 ‏כַּֽאְַהָלִים נָטַע יהוה‎ like aloes which Je. has planted Jeremiah 23:9, Psalms 109:19, Job 13:28.
(c) When the retrosp. pron. is gen. by noun or prep.; Jeremiah 5:15 ‏גּוֹי לֹא־תֵדַע לְשׁוֹנוֹ‎ a people whose speech thou shalt not understand. Jeremiah 2:6 ‏בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא עָבַר בָּהּ אישׁ‎ through which no one passed. Psalms 49:13 ‏זֶה דַרְכָּם כֶּסֶל לָמוֹ‎ this is their fate who are confident. Deuteronomy 32:37, Exodus 18:20, Psalms 32:2 with Jeremiah 17:7, Job 3:16. With omission of retrosp. pron., Isaiah 51:1 ‏הַצּוּר חֻצַּבְתֶּם‎ the rock out of which ye were hewn, cf. Job 38:26.
§ 144. When ‏אְַשֶׁר‎ means he-who, &c., § 10.—In this case ‏אשׁר‎ may also be omitted. Isaiah 41:24 ‏תּֽוֹעֵבָה יִבְחַר בָּכֶם‎ an abomination is he-who chooses you. Numbers 23:8 ‏מָה אֶקֹּב לֹא קַבֹּה אֵל‎ how shall I curse him-whom God has not cursed! (next clause without pron.). Psalms 12:5 ‏אָשִׁית בְּיֵשַׁע יָפִיחַ לוֹ‎ I will set in safety him-whom they snort at, Isaiah 41:2, Isaiah 41:25.—Jeremiah 2:8 ‏אַֽחְַרֵי לֹא־יוֹעִילוּ הָלָֽכוּ‎ after those-which profit not they have gone, cf. Jeremiah 2:11. Exodus 4:13 ‏שְׁלַח בְּיַד תִּשְׁלַח‎ send through (by the hand of) him-whom thou wilt send. Isaiah 65:1 ‏נִדְרַשְׁתִּי לְלוֹא שָׁאָֽלוּ‎ I was to be inquired of by them-that asked not, Jeremiah 2:11.—Psalms 35:15; Psalms 65:5; Psalms 81:6, Job 24:19; Job 34:32, 1 Chronicles 15:12, 2 Chronicles 1:4, Jeremiah 8:13, 2 Chronicles 16:9, Psalms 144:2, Son_8:5 she that bore. Lamentations 1:14 ‏בִּידֵי לֹא אוּכַל קוּם‎ the hands of those-whom I cannot withstand.
Rem. 1. Such cases as 1 Samuel 10:11 ‏מַה־זֶּה הָיָה‎, 1 Kings 13:12 ‏אֵי־זֶה הַדֶּרֶךְ הָלַךְ‎ are probably to be construed: what is this which has happened? which is the way that he went? but in usage ‏אשׁר‎ is omitted; cf. Judges 8:1, Genesis 3:13, 2 Kings 3:8. So usually Ar. ma dha what? The same consn. also in ‏מִי הוּא‎, &c., with omission of ‏אשׁר‎, cf. 1 Samuel 26:14, Job 4:1-21, Job 7:1-21; Job 13:19, Isaiah 50:9.
Rem. 2. Words of time, place, and occasionally of manner, are apt to be put in cons. state before a clause, which takes the place of a gen., ‏אשׁר‎ being frequently omitted. See the exx. § 25.
Rem. 3. Phrases like: a man, whose name was Job, are usually made thus: ‏אִישׁ וּשְׁמוֹ אִיּוֹב‎ 1 Samuel 1:1; 1 Samuel 9:1-2; 1 Samuel 17:12, 2 Samuel 3:7, &c.; but occasionally ‏איּוֹב שְׁמוֹ‎, a transposed descriptive sentence; Job 1:1, 1 Samuel 17:4, 1 Samuel 17:23, 1 Samuel 17:2 S. 20, 1 Samuel 21:1-15 :1 Ki. 1 Samuel 13:2, Zechariah 6:12. The antecedent is indefinite (1 Samuel 17:4, 1 Samuel 17:23 is doubtful owing to the obscurity of ‏אישׁ הבֵּנַיִם‎), and ‏אשׁר‎ seems nowhere expressed, though after a def. antecedent it might be, cf. Daniel 10:1, and in Aram. Daniel 2:26; Daniel 4:5.—In cases of identification, as Genesis 14:2, Genesis 14:8 Bela, which is Zoar, the usage is ‏בֶּלַע הִיא־צֹעַר‎, cf. Genesis 14:3, Genesis 14:17, and often. Similarly with persons, Judges 7:1, &c.—On the other hand, in giving the geographical position of a place ‏אשׁר‎ is used. Genesis 33:18; Genesis 50:10-11, Judges 18:28, 1 Samuel 17:1, 1 Kings 15:27, 1 Chronicles 13:6.
Rem. 4. The ‏אשׁר‎ is sometimes omitted with and and a verb. Malachi 2:16 ‏וְכִסָּה‎ and (I hate) him-who covers. Isaiah 57:3 ‏וַתִּזְנֶה‎ (seed of an adulterer) and of her-who committed whoredom. Amos 6:1 ‏וּבָאוּ‎ and they-to-whom the house of Is. comes (freq.).
Rem. 5. Some instances of omission of ‏אשׁר‎ in later prose are, Ezra 1:5, Nehemiah 8:10, 1 Chronicles 15:12; 1 Chronicles 29:3, 2 Chronicles 1:4; 2 Chronicles 16:9; 2 Chronicles 20:22; 2 Chronicles 30:19.—In 2 Kings 25:10 rd. prep. ‏את‎ before ‏רַב‎ with Jeremiah 52:14; and 2 Chronicles 34:22 rd. ‏אָמִר‎ after rel.
Rem. 6. The text Zephaniah 3:18 reads: those sorrowing far away from the assembly will I gather, which (they) are of thee, (thou) on whom reproach lay heavy (lit. was a burden). Well. suggests ‏חרפה‎... ‏מִשְּׂאֵת‎ so that no reproach be taken up against her.