01.01.02.05. CHAPTER V OF AN Epwthsiv (EROTESIS) OR INTERROGATION.
CHAPTER V OF AN Epwthsiv (EROTESIS) OR INTERROGATION. To the foregoing five, we may add this figure in logism, viz., Epwthsiv, which signifies interrogation, or asking a question: which because it is peculiar to the idioms of the Hebrew and Greek, of the Old and New Testament; we will briefly and particularly treat of, (1.) With respect, to its force, energy, or peculiar emphasis. (2.) With reference to its use. The first we will consider according to the order of interrogative words. The interrogative particle, who, besides its ordinary grammatical signification, which simply denotes asking, (Psalms 15:1, and Psalms 24:3; Isaiah 42:24, and Isaiah 63:1, [&c.,]) sometimes signifies an absolute negative, when the speech is of persons; as Psalms 94:16, "Who will rise up for me against the evil-doers? or, who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity?’’ as if he had said, no man can help me; so have I been dealt withal: it is only God can relieve me, as Psalms 94:17, Psalms 106:2, "Who can utter the mighty acts of the Lord? who can show forth his praise?" that is, none can do it; yet Psalms 9:14, David says, "That I may show forth all thy praise in the gates of the daughter of Sion:" which text R. Kimchi thus reconciles; viz., in the former text we are to understand the praise of God, with reference to those great things which he had done for his people in general: in the latter, what he had done for David in particular. We may add, that the first place may be meant of the most perfect praise of Jehovah, in the celebrating of which no proportion can be stated so as to correspond with it: the latter, an earnest endeavour to return thanks and praise to the very utmost of human faculty: see Psalms 40:5, and Psalms 113:5, "Who is like unto the Lord our God?" that is, there is none amongst men, who can so really condole your case, and so mightily help you; for God was, and is, both willing and able. He speaks here of a divine grace, aid, and help: there is his gracious encouragement given for our hope in the next verses.
Isaiah 53:8, "Who can declare his generation?" that is, none can, because he is eternal. Hebrews 1:5, "For unto which of the angels said he at any time, thou art my son," &c.; Hebrews 1:13, "But to which of the angels said he at any time, sit on my right hand," &c., that is, he never said so to any of the angels: see Isaiah 40:13-14; Luke 14:5; John 8:46; Romans 8:31, Romans 8:33-35; 1 Corinthians 9:7.
Sometimes it does not absolutely deny, but restrictively, so that the particle quis, who is put for quotusquisq, how many; which denotes fewness, or paucity; as Psalms 90:11, "Who knoweth the power of thine anger?" that is, they are indeed but few, to wit, the servants of the Lord: as Psalms 90:13, Psalms 90:16, Isaiah 53:1; Hosea 14:9. Sometimes it denotes the difiiculty of the question asked: 1 Samuel 2:25, "If a man sin against the Lord, who shall intercede for him?" that is, how difficult is it to appease the Lord, when he is angry for our sins?" Proverbs 31:10, "Who can find a woman of strength?" (or activity, viz., a virtuous woman?) this does not signify that such are nowhere to be found, but that they are rare: see Matthew 19:25-26; Mark 10:26, with veise 23. The interrogative, an, nunquid, whether, besides its common signification, which simply and affirmatively asks a question; Genesis 18:21; Numbers 13:19; Romans 3:3, Romans 3:5-6, (&c.,) sometimes denotes an absolute negation, as Genesis 18:14, "whether is there any thing too hard for the Lord?" that is, there is nothing too hard for him: verse 17, "Whether shall I hide from Abraham the thing I am about to do?" that is, I will not hide it from him: Genesis 30:2, "Whether am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb?" as if he had said, can I arrogate that to myself, which is the work of God? (that is, I can by no means do it,) "He made thee barren, and he only can make thee fruitful." See Genesis 50:19; Job 40:20, (&c.,) Joel 1:2, (&c.) On the contrary, a negative interrogative, as, is not, is to be understand affirmatively, as Genesis 13:9, "Is not the whole land before thee?" that is, the whole land is before thee; Genesis 37:13, "And Israel said unto Joseph, do not thy brethren feed the flock in Shechem?’’" that is, they do so: Exodus 4:14, "Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother, whom I know to be eloquent?" that is, I know that he is so: see Deuteronomy 11:30; Joshua 10:13; Rth 2:9; Ruth 3:1; 1 Chronicles 21:17, (see 2 Samuel 24:17,) Job 7:1; Psalms 56:8, Psalms 56:13; Ecclesiastes 6:6; Isaiah 50:2, (with Isaiah 59:1,) Jeremiah 23:24; Joel 1:16; Amos 2:11; Amos 5:20; Obadiah 1:5, Obadiah 1:8-9; Jonah 4:11; Matthew 7:22; Mark 12:24, (see Matthew 22:29,) John 4:35; John 6:70, and John 11:9; 1 Corinthians 10:16; Hebrews 1:14.
We are especially to note that there are some places, which affirmatively ask, in which there is an affirmative sense, or in which the negative particle no is to be understood; as 2 Samuel 15:27, "The king said unto Zadok the priest (art not) thou a seer?" that is, thou dost perfectly see how things go; see Ezekiel 8:6; 1 Samuel 2:27; 1 Kings 16:31; Jeremiah 31:20, and Jeremiah 23:23. The interrogative, pwv, quomodo, how, sometimes absolutely denies; Exodus 6:12, Exodus 6:30; Deuteronomy 7:17; Judges 16:15; Psalms 73:11, and Psalms 137:4; Matthew 12:26, Matthew 12:34; Matthew 23:33; Mark 4:13; Luke 6:42," Romans 10:14-15; 1 Corinthians 14:7, 1 Corinthians 14:9, 1 Corinthians 14:16; 1 Timothy 3:5; Hebrews 2:3 (&c.)
Why, therefore, XXXX, is often put for prohibition; Genesis 27:45, "Why should I be deprived of you both in one day?" that is, let me not be deprived of both: 1 Samuel 19:17, "Why should I kill thee?" that is, let me not kill thee: see 2 Samuel 2:22; 2 Chronicles 25:16; Psalms 79:10; Ecclesiastes 5:5, and Ecclesiastes 7:17-18; Jeremiah 27:13, Jeremiah 27:17, and Jeremiah 40:15; Ezekiel 33:11; Daniel 1:10. The use of interrogations is various, and almost serves every affection;
1. An interrogation, which denotes absurdity in a way of exploring it; as John 3:4, "How can a man be born when he is old, can he enter a second time into his mother’s womb?" as if he had said, this is absurd, and in my judgment cannot be; John 6:52, "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?" as if he had said, this is most absurd: see John 6:60, and John 12:34.
2. Admiration, Genesis 17:17, "Shall a child be born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah that is ninety years old bear?" This is an interrogation, admiring the divine power, and comparing it with his own and his wife’s impotency: as Romans 4:19, Romans 4:21; more examples, see Genesis 27:20; Genesis 42:28; Son 3:6; Psalms 133:1; Isaiah 1:21, and Isaiah 13:1; Ezekiel 16:30; Matthew 21:20; Mark 6:37.
3. Affirmation, of which we have given examples in the foregoing pages.
4. Demonstration of a certain subject, of which some thing is affirmed or predicated, Ezekiel 8:6, "Son of man, seest thou what they do?" as if he had said, behold, thou art autopthv, a spectator, or witness of their impiety, idolatry, and abomination. Matthew 11:7-9, there are certain interrogations proposed by our Saviour, the scope of which is to show who John was, and in his commendation to affirm or deny some things. And sometimes in this manner the question and answer are joined; both which are equivalent to a connective enunciation, whose antecedent is taken from the question, and the consequent from the answer: as Psalms 25:12, "What man is he that feareth the Lord? him shall he teach in the way that he shall choose;" Psalms 25:13, "His soul shall lodge in goodness, and his seed shall inherit the earth," that is, these things shall be conferred on him that fears the Lord: so Psalms 34:12-13; Psalms 107:43; Jeremiah 9:12; Hosea 14:9; see also Proverbs 22:29, with Proverbs 29:20.
5. In a matter of doubt; Genesis 18:12, "Therefore Sarah laughed within herself, saying, after I am waxed old, shall I have pleasure?" These words denote diffidence and doubt, and the unlikelihood in her judgment of what was promised, as the following words of the Lord manifest. Romans 10:6, "But the righteousness which is of faith, speaketh on this wise, say not in thy heart, who shall ascend into heaven?" Romans 10:7, "Who shall descend into the deep" (or abyss?) These interrogations of doubt, are brought to denote the uncertainty of self-righteousness, which righteousness by faith wholly takes away; consult the next chapter.
6. Exaltation and extenuation. Rab. Kimchi, in his Comment on Jeremiah 22:23, says, that the interrogative particle XXXX, quid vel quam, what or how, is used in a double signification, viz., to exalt a thing, as Psalms 31:19, "how great is thy goodness?" Psalms 139:17, "How precious also are thy thoughts unto me, O God?" Or to extenuate a thing, as Psalms 8:4, "What is man, that thou art mindful of him?" that is, how inconsiderable, and unworthy is he of thy grace and favour? So Psalms 144:3. See also Isaiah 2:11-22, with Psalms 146:3-4; 1 Samuel 9:21; 2 Samuel 7:18; Genesis 23:15; Exodus 3:11; 1 Kings 9:13, (&c.)
Expostulation, accusation, or chiding, Genesis 12:18, Pharaoh chid Abraham, "What (is) this (that) thou hast done unto me? Why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife?" Genesis 12:19, "Why saidst thou, she is my sister?" so Genesis 31:26-27, Genesis 31:30, and Genesis 44:4, Genesis 44:15. Other examples are Psalms 11:2; Psalms 50:16; Isaiah 5:4, and Isaiah 58:3; Ezekiel 12:22; Daniel 3:14, (&c.)
8. Indignation, as Psalms 2:1, "Why do the heathen rage, and the people meditate vain things?" That these are words of indignation, appears, Psalms 2:5. Matthew 17:17, "0 faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you?" this was an apostrophe to the apostles by way of indignation, as appears from Matthew 17:10.
9. By way of insultation and irony, as Psalms 42:3, "While they continually say unto me, where is thy God?" so Psalms 79:10, (&c.) More examples see Jeremiah 22:23, and Jeremiah 23:33, with, Jeremiah 23:36, John 18:38.
10. By way of lamentation, as Psalms 3:1, "Lord, how are they increased that trouble me?" (or, Lord, how numerous are mine enemies?) Psalms 22:1; Lamentations 2:20; Psalms 77:7-9; Habakkuk 1:17.
11. By way of commiseration, or pity, as Lamentations 1:1, "How doth the city sit solitary that was full of people," &c. Lamentations 2:1, "How hath the Lord covered the daughter of Sion with a cloud in his anger?" &c. so, frequently in the Lamentations.
12. By way of negation, concerning which we refer you where we have spoken a little before of the emphasis of an interrogation.
13. By way of wishing, as 2 Samuel 23:15, "Who will make me drink of the water of the well of Bethlehem?" that is, O that somebody would make me drink: see Romans 7:24.
14. By way of prohibition, or dissuasion from a thing, of which you may see the fourth and fifth paragraphs before going.
15. By way of rejection, or refusing, as Numbers 23:8, "How shall I curse him, whom God hath not cursed? and how shall I defy (or detest,) him whom the Lord hath not defied," (or detested?) as if he had said, I neither can, nor dare do this thing; see Judges 11:12; 2 Samuel 16:10; 2 Kings 17:18; 2 Kings 3:13; Hosea 14:9; Joel 3:9; Matthew 8:29; Mark 5:7; Luke 8:28; John 2:4.