The Nomen Agentis or Participle

The Nomen Agentis or Participle
§ 97. The ptcp. or nomen agentis partakes of the nature both of the noun (adj.) and the verb. It presents the person or subj. in the continuous exercise or exhibition of the action or condition denoted by the verb. The pass. ptcp. describes the subj. as having the action continuously exercised upon him, or at least differs from the adj. in presenting the state of the subj. as the result of an action.
Rem. 1. The ptcp. carries the notion of action, operation, like the verb, while the quality expressed by the adj. inheres in the subj. as a mere motionless characteristic. On the other hand the ptcp. differs from the impf. in that the continuousness of the impf. is not unbroken, but mere repetition of the action. The ptcp. is a line, the impf. a succession of points.
It is but natural, however, that act. ptcps. expressing conditions or operations which are habitual should come to be used as nouns, as ‏אהב‎ friend, ‏איב‎ enemy, ‏שׁפט‎ judge, ‏שׁמר‎ watchman, ‏חזה‎ seer, &c., and that pass. ptcps. should in usage become adjectives. The ptcp. niph. in particular has the sense of the Lat. gerundive and adj. in bilis, as ‏נוֹרָא‎ to be feared, terrible, ‏נֶחְשָׁב‎ æstimandus, ‏נֶחְמָד‎ desirable, ‏נִתְעָב‎ detestable, ‏נִכְבָּד‎ honourable. Occasionally ptcp. Pu., ‏מְהֻלָּל‎ laudandus, Psalms 96:4. Possibly Kal, Psalms 137:8 (some point ‏שָׁדוֹדָה‎). Jeremiah 4:30, Isaiah 23:12, are real or imagined pasts. See Isaiah 2:22, Psalms 18:3; Psalms 19:10; Psalms 22:31; Psalms 76:7; Psalms 102:19, Job 15:16. In like manner the difference between ptcp. and impf. is often scarcely discernible in usage. Genesis 2:10, Exodus 13:15, Leviticus 11:47, Numbers 24:4, Numbers 24:16. Cf. Judges 4:22 with 2 Kings 6:19.
§ 98. Construction of ptcp.—The ptcp. is construed—(a) Verbally, taking the government of its verb, acc. ox prep. Genesis 32:11 ‏יָרֵא אָֽנֹכִי אֹתוֹ‎ I fear him; Genesis 25:28 ‏רִבְקָה אֹהֶבֶת את־יַֽעְַקֹב‎ Reb. loved Jacob. Genesis 27:8; Genesis 37:7, Genesis 37:16; Genesis 40:8, Genesis 40:17; Genesis 41:9; Genesis 42:29, 1 Samuel 11:3, 2 Samuel 14:18, 1 Kings 18:3, Amos 5:8-9, Amos 5:18. With prep. Genesis 16:13; Genesis 26:11, 1 Samuel 17:19; 1 Samuel 23:1-29. I, 2 Samuel 23:3, Psalms 89:9. The ptcp. may take any acc. taken by its verb; Deuteronomy 6:11 ‏מְלֵאִים כָּל־טוּב‎ full of every good, Amos 2:13; cogn. acc. 1 Kings 1:40; or two acc., 2 Samuel 1:24 ‏הַמַּלְבִּֽשְׁכֶם שָׁנִי‎ who clothed you with crimson. Zephaniah 1:9.
(b) Or, nominally, being in cons. with following gen. Genesis 3:5 ‏יֹֽדְעֵי טוֹב וָרָע‎ knowing good and evil; Hosea 2:5 ‏נֹֽתְנֵי לַחְמִי וּמֵימַי‎ who give my bread and water. This consn. is very common: the act. ptcp. of verbs governing a direct obj. take this obj. in gen.; and the pass. ptcp. of such verbs take the subj. of the verbs in the gen. Genesis 22:12 ‏כָדַעְתִּי כִּי־יְרֵא א׳ אַתָּה‎ thou fearest God; Hosea 3:1 ‏אִשָּׁה אְַהֻבַת רֵעַ‎ a woman loved by a paramour. Genesis 19:14, Genesis 19:25, Exodus 15:14; Exodus 23:31, Judges 1:19; Judges 5:6, 2 Samuel 4:6; 2 Samuel 6:13, 1 Kings 2:7; 1 Kings 12:21, Isaiah 5:18, Hosea 6:8. So ptcp. of other act. conjugations, Isaiah 5:8; Isaiah 19:8-9, Isaiah 19:10; Isaiah 28:6; Isaiah 29:21, Jeremiah 23:30, Jeremiah 23:32, Hosea 5:10; Hosea 11:4, Psalms 19:7; Psalms 19:9; cf. Psalms 136:4-7. Pass. ptcp., Genesis 24:31 blessed by Je., 2 Samuel 5:8 hated by, Isaiah 53:4, Job 14:1. Frequently the cause or instrument takes the place of the subj., Isaiah 1:7 ‏שְׂרֻפוֹת אֵשׁ‎ burnt with fire. Genesis 20:3; Genesis 41:6, Deuteronomy 32:24, Isaiah 14:19; Isaiah 22:2; Isaiah 28:1-29. I stricken down with wine, Jeremiah 18:21, Hosea 4:17.
(c) In like manner suff. to ptcp. may be acc. or gen. Deuteronomy 8:16 ‏הַמַּֽאְַכִֽלְךָ מָן‎ who fed thee with manna. Deuteronomy 8:5 (n demons.); Deuteronomy 13:6, Deuteronomy 13:11; Deuteronomy 20:1, Isaiah 9:13; Isaiah 10:20; Isaiah 47:10; Isaiah 63:11, Jeremiah 9:15 (cf. Jeremiah 23:15), Psalms 18:32; Psalms 81:11, Job 31:15; Job 40:19. Often in gen.; Genesis 27:29 ‏מְבָֽרְַכֶיךָ‎ they who bless thee (thy blessers), Genesis 4:14, Exodus 20:5-6, 1 Samuel 2:30, Isaiah 50:8, Psalms 7:4; Psalms 55:13, Job 7:8.
Rem. 1. The mixed consn., gen. and acc. (for 2 acc.), Amos 4:13 is curious.—The verbs ‏בא‎ to go into and ‏יצא‎ to come out of, may be consd. with acc. (Genesis 44:4, Deuteronomy 14:22, 2 Kings 20:4, Lamentations 1:10, Psalms 100:4), and so their ptcp. with. gen. Genesis 9:10; Genesis 23:10, Genesis 23:18; Genesis 34:24; Genesis 46:26,
Exodus 1:5, Judges 8:30. Similarly other kinds of acc., as that of direction, Isaiah 38:18 ‏יֹֽרְדֵי־בוֹר‎ gone down to the pit, 1 Chronicles 12:33, 1 Chronicles 12:36, or of respect, Isaiah 1:30 fading in its leaf. In poetry this brief forcible consn. of gen. represents prose consn. with prep.; Psalms 88:5 lying in the grave, though cf. Psalms 57:5; Micah 2:8, Isaiah 22:2. Particulary with suff., Psalms 18:39 ‏קָמַי‎ those rising up against me, cf. Psalms 3:1. Deuteronomy 33:11, Isaiah 22:3, Psalms 53:5; Psalms 73:27; Psalms 74:23; Psalms 102:9, Proverbs 2:19. Isaiah 29:7 who war against her and her stronghold is so condensed as to be suspicious.
The pass. ptcp. also may retain the acc. of act. verb, as 1 Samuel 2:18 ‏חָגוּר אֵפוֹד‎ girl with an ephod, Judges 18:11, Ezekiel 9:2-3, Nehemiah 4:18; or take the gen., Isaiah 3:3; Isaiah 51:21, Joel 1:8, Ezekiel 9:11, Particularly when the gen. explains the extent of application of ptcp. (§ 24d). Isaiah 3:3. ‏נְשׂוּא פָנִים‎ he whose face is lifted up. Psalms 32:1-11 ‏כְּסוּי חְַטָאָה‎ he whose sin is covered. 2 Samuel 13:31, Isaiah 33:24, Proverbs 14:2. In 2 Samuel 15:32 ‏כּ׳ קָרוּעַ כֻּתָּנְתּוֹ‎ is not acc. of respect, as to his garment, but subj. to rent, though rent at the same time is acc. of condition to Hushai. On the other hand Judges 1:7 is rather an ordinary circ. cl., cut off being pred. to thumbs, although elsewhere this word is fem. Exodus 12:11, Jeremiah 30:6.
§ 99. The ptcp. becomes virtually a noun, as Isaiah 19:20 ‏מוֹשִׁיעַ‎ one who saves, a saviour, and may be subj. or obj. of a sentence. When in apposition with a noun it is used as an adj., Deuteronomy 4:24 ‏אֵשׁ אֹֽכְלָה‎ devouring fire, Deuteronomy 4:34 an outstretched arm, Genesis 22:13, Isaiah 18:2, Isaiah 18:5, Judges 1:24 ‏וַיִּרְאוּ אִישׁ יוֹצֵא‎ they saw a man coming out. Amos 5:3, Isaiah 2:13; Isaiah 10:22. With the art. the ptcp. may like the adj. designate a class. Amos 5:13, Isaiah 14:8; Isaiah 28:16, Micah 4:6; or have the sense of he who..., whoever, Genesis 26:11 ‏הַנֹּגֵעַ בָּאִישׁ הַזֶּה‎ whoever touches, 2 Samuel 14:10; and so with gen., Genesis 9:6, Exodus 21:12, Exodus 21:15, Exodus 21:16.
When in appos. with a preceding def. subj. the ptcp. with art. has the meaning very much of a relative clause. Genesis 12:7 ‏י׳ הַנִּרְאֶה אֵלָיו‎ Je. who had appeared to him; 1 Samuel 1:26 ‏אְַנִי הָֽאִשָּׁה הַנִּצֶּבֶת‎ I am the woman who stood, cf. Judges 16:24. This usage is very common: Genesis 13:5; Genesis 27:33; Genesis 35:3; Genesis 43:12, Genesis 43:18; Genesis 48:15-16, Exodus 11:5, Judges 8:34, 1 Samuel 4:8, 2 Samuel 1:24, 2 Kings 22:18, Isaiah 8:6, Isaiah 8:17-18; Isaiah 9:1, Amos 4:1; Amos 5:3, Micah 3:2-3, Micah 3:5. With pass. ptcp., Numbers 21:8, Judges 6:28 the altar that had been built, Judges 20:4 the woman who was murdered, 1 Kings 18:30, Psalms 79:10.—Psalms 19:11 resumes Psalms 19:10 (they) which are more desirable. Psalms 18:32; Psalms 49:7.
Rem. 1. Of course the ptcp. with art. is not to be used as an ordinary rel. clause after an indef. noun, only after def. words as pron., proper name, or other defined word. In later style exceptions occur, Jeremiah 27:3; Jeremiah 46:16, Ezekiel 2:3; Ezekiel 14:22, Psalms 119:21, Daniel 9:26, though in most of these cases the preceding word is really def. though formally undetermined. In other cases the preceding subj. receives a certain definiteness from being connected with all, Genesis 1:21, Genesis 1:28, or a numeral, Judges 16:27, cf. 1 Samuel 25:10, or from standing in a comparison, Proverbs 26:18 (Psalms 62:4 rd. perhaps ‏גְּדֵרָה ד׳‎), or from being described by an adj., Isaiah 65:2, cf. Isaiah 65:3.
Rem. 2. When another ptcp. follows one with art. it is often without art., as predicate, Isaiah 5:20, Amos 6:4, Job 5:10. But in vigorous speech the clauses are made parallel and the art. used, Isaiah 40:22-23, Micah 3:5. Occasionally the rel. pron. takes the place of the art. as more distinct, Deuteronomy 1:4, Jeremiah 38:16, Ezekiel 9:2, Psalms 115:8. Both are used 1 Kings 12:8; 1 Kings 21:11.
Rem. 3. When the ptcp. as direct pred. receives the art. it becomes coextensive with the subj. Genesis 2:11 it is that which goeth round. Genesis 45:12 my mouth is that which speaketh. Deuteronomy 3:21 thine eyes were they which saw. Genesis 42:6, Deuteronomy 3:22, 1 Samuel 4:16, Isaiah 14:27.
§ 100. (a) The ptcp. as pred., unlike the finite verb, does not contain the subj., which must be expressed. 1 Samuel 19:11 ‏מָחָר אַתָּה מוּמָת‎ tomorrow thou shalt be slain; Genesis 38:25 ‏הִוא מוּצֵאת‎ she was brought forth; 1 Samuel 9:11 ‏הֵמָּה עֹלִים‎ they were going up. The pron., however, is often omitted if the subj. has just been mentioned, particularly after ‏הִנֵּה‎
Genesis 24:30 ‏וַיָּבֹא אֶל־הָאִישׁ וְהִנֵּה עֹמֵד‎ he came to the man, and, behold, he was standing. Genesis 37:15; Genesis 38:24, Genesis 41:1, 1 Samuel 30:3, 1 Samuel 30:16, Amos 7:1, Isaiah 29:8. With ‏גם‎ Genesis 32:6. Occasionally the pron. is omitted anomalously, Joshua 8:6, Psalms 22:28 (he is ruler), Nehemiah 9:3, Nehemiah 9:5. In 1 Samuel 6:3 ‏אַתֶּם‎ has probably dropped out. On ptcp. with general subj. § 108c.
(b) Owing to the emphasis thrown by the idea and usage of ptcp. on the subj. the latter usually precedes. Genesis 2:10
‏וְנָהָר יֹצֵא‎ and a river went forth; Genesis 24:21 ‏וְהָאִישׁ מִשְׁתָּאֵה לָהּ‎ and the man gazed at her, Genesis 24:13, Genesis 24:37 (see above in a). This order is usual with ‏הנה‎ and in rel. clauses, Genesis 18:17; Genesis 24:37; Genesis 28:20; Genesis 31:43. On the other hand, if emphasis fall on ptcp., and in clauses beginning with ‏כִּי‎ for, that, ‏אִם‎ if, which give prominence to the pred., the ptcp. precedes the subj. Genesis 30:1 ‏וְאִם אַיִן מֵתָה אָנֹֽכִי‎ and if not I die; Genesis 3:5 ‏כִּי יֹדִעַ א׳‎ for God knoweth, Genesis 15:14; Genesis 19:13; Genesis 25:30; Genesis 29:9; Genesis 32:12; Genesis 41:32. With interrog., Genesis 4:9; Genesis 18:17, Numbers 11:29. After ‏אַךְ‎ Judges 3:24.
(c) The ptcp. does not indicate time, its colour in this respect being taken from the connection in which it stands. The pass. ptcp. refers chiefly to the past, though not exclusively. The act. ptcp. is mainly descriptive of something present, i.e. either actually present to the speaker, or present to him in idea, as the fut. instans; or, as in circums. clauses, present to the main action spoken of, though this may be in the past. Genesis 4:10 ‏דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ צֹֽעְַקִים‎ thy brother's blood crieth. Genesis 19:13-14 ‏כִּי מַשְׁחִיתִים אְַנַחְנוּ‎ for we are destroying (going to des.). 1 Samuel 1:12 she prayed long ‏וְעֵלִי שֹׁמֵר אֶת־פִּיהָ‎ Eli watching her mouth. See exx. in Rem. 1.
(d) Owing to its nominal character the ptcp. is negatived by ‏אַיִן‎. The place of the neg. varies. Genesis 41:8 ‏אֵין פּוֹתֵר‎
‏אֹתָם‎ there was none interpreting them; cf. different order, Genesis 40:8; Genesis 41:15. Exodus 5:16 ‏תֶּבֶן אֵין נִתָּן‎ straw is not given; 1 Kings 6:18 ‏אֵין אֶבֶן נִרְאָה‎ no stone was seen. The ‏אין‎ often takes suff. of subj., Genesis 43:5 ‏אִם אֵֽינְךָ מְשַׁלֵּחַ‎ if thou dost not let go, Exodus 5:10.—Genesis 20:7; Genesis 39:23; Genesis 41:24, Exodus 3:2, Deuteronomy 4:22; Deuteronomy 22:27, Joshua 6:1, Judges 3:25, 1 Samuel 3:1; 1 Samuel 22:8; 1 Samuel 26:12, 1 Kings 6:18, Hosea 5:14, Amos 5:2, Amos 5:6, Isaiah 5:27; Isaiah 17:2; Isaiah 22:22, Jeremiah 9:22. See Rem. 3.
(e) When additional clauses are joined by and to a participial consn. the finite tense is usually employed, though not always. Genesis 35:3 ‏לָאֵל הָֽעֹנֶה אֹתִי וַיְהִי עִמָּדִי‎ the God who answered me, and was with me; Genesis 27:33 ‏הַצָר צַיִד וַיָּבֵא‎ who hunted venison, and brought it. In animated speech without and, Isaiah 5:8 ‏מַגִּיעֵי בַיִת בְּבַיִת שָׂדֶה בְשָׂדֶה יַקְרִיבוּ‎ who join house to house, lay field to field; cf. Psalms 147:14-16.—Genesis 7:4; Genesis 17:19; Genesis 48:4, Deuteronomy 4:22, 1 Samuel 2:6, 1 Samuel 2:8, 1 Samuel 2:31; 2 Samuel 20:12, Isaiah 5:23; Isaiah 14:17; Isaiah 29:21; Isaiah 30:2; Isaiah 31:1; Isaiah 44:25-26; Isaiah 48:1, Amos 5:7-12, Hosea 2:14, Jeremiah 13:10, Psalms 18:32. This change to the finite is necessary when the additional clause is neg. See Rem. 4.
(f) As the ptcp. presents the subj. as in the continuous exercise of the action, it is greatly employed in describing scenes of a striking kind and in circumstantial clauses (§ 138b). Much of the picturesqueness of prose historical writing is due to it. So it is used with such particles as ‏הִנֵּה‎ behold, ‏עוֹד‎ still, while. 1 Kings 22:10 the kings ‏יֽשְׁבִים אִישׁ עַל־כִּסְאוֹ מְלֻבָּשִׁים בְּגָדִים לְכָל־הַנְּבִיאִים מִתְנַבְּאִים‎ were sitting, each on his throne, clothed in their robes, and all the prophets were prophesying before them; so 1 Kings 22:12, 1 Kings 19:1-21; 1 Kings 15:30 David's ascent of Olivet, cf. v. 18, 23. Isaiah 6:2, 2 Samuel 12:19, 1 Samuel 9:11, 1 Samuel 9:14, 1 Samuel 9:27, Isaiah 5:28, Numbers 11:27, 1 Kings 12:6, 2 Kings 2:11. With ‏הנה‎, Genesis 25:32; Genesis 37:7; Genesis 41:1-3, 1 Samuel 10:22; 1 Samuel 12:2, 2 Kings 17:26. With ‏עוד‎, Genesis 18:22, Exodus 9:2, Exodus 9:17, 1 Kings 1:14, 1 Kings 1:22, 1 Kings 1:42, 2 Kings 6:33, Jeremiah 33:1, Job 2:3. So with ‏ישׁ‎ and ‏אין‎. Genesis 24:42, Genesis 24:49; Genesis 43:4, Deuteronomy 29:14, Judges 6:36.
Rem. 1. The time of ptcp., § 100c. Exx. of present time: Genesis 16:8; Genesis 19:15; Genesis 32:12; Genesis 37:16; Genesis 43:18, Deuteronomy 4:1; Deuteronomy 12:8 and often, Judges 7:10; Judges 18:3, 1 Samuel 14:11, Isaiah 1:7, Hosea 3:1. Exx. of past time: Genesis 39:23 ‏ואשׁר הוא עשֶֹׁה י׳ מַצְלִיהַ‎ whatever he did Je. prospered, Jeremiah 37:7; Jeremiah 37:15; Jeremiah 40:6; Jeremiah 41:1 seq., Exodus 18:5, Exodus 18:14, Deuteronomy 4:12, Judges 4:22; Judges 14:4; Judges 19:27, 1 Samuel 2:13; 1 Samuel 9:11, 1 Kings 3:2; 1 Kings 4:20; 1 Kings 6:27, 2 Kings 13:21. Exx. of fut. time: Genesis 7:4; Genesis 17:19; Genesis 41:25, Genesis 41:28; Genesis 49:29, Exodus 33:15, Judges 11:9; Judges 15:3, 1 Samuel 20:36, 2 Samuel 12:23, 2 Kings 4:16, Psalms 22:31; Psalms 102:18. Particularly with ‏הִנֵּה‎, as Genesis 15:3; Genesis 20:3; Genesis 24:13; 1 Samuel 3:11, 1 Kings 13:2, Isaiah 3:1; Isaiah 7:14, Amos 8:11. The ptcp. with ‏הנה‎ however may refer to any time, as pres., Genesis 38:1-30, Genesis 24:1-67 is with child, Judges 9:36, 1 Samuel 10:22, 1 Kings 1:25; 1 Kings 17:12; or past, Genesis 40:6; Genesis 41:1, Amos 7:1, Amos 7:4, Amos 7:7.
The ptcp., even without copula, may express juss. sense; Genesis 3:14 ‏אָרוּר אַתָּה‎ cursed be thou, Genesis 9:26; Genesis 24:27, 1 Kings 2:45, cf. Rth_2:19.
Rem. 2. In order to express more distinctly the idea of duration, particularly in past, the verb ‏היה‎ is sometimes used with the ptcp., generally in a clause of circumstance explicative of the main narrative, but also in an independent statement. Genesis 37:2 ‏יוֹסֵף הָיָה רֹעֶה‎ Jos. was herding; Judges 16:21 ‏וַיְהִי טוֹחֵן בְּבֵית הָֽאְַסוּרִים‎ and he continued to grind; 1 Samuel 2:11 ‏וְהַנּעַר הָיָה מְשֽׁרֵת אֶת־י׳‎ and the child continued to minister. Genesis 4:17; Genesis 39:22, Exodus 3:1, Deuteronomy 9:7, Deuteronomy 9:22, Deuteronomy 9:24; Deuteronomy 28:29, Judges 1:7, 1 Samuel 18:29, 2 Samuel 3:6, 2 Samuel 3:17; 2 Samuel 7:6, 2 Kings 17:25-41; 2 Kings 18:4, Isaiah 2:2; Isaiah 59:2, Jeremiah 26:18, Jeremiah 26:20, Hosea 9:17, Psalms 122:2, Job 1:14. Pass. ptcp. Leviticus 13:45, 1 Kings 22:35, Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 36:30, Zechariah 3:3. The usage is more common in the later style (occurring sometimes with almost no emphasis). Nehemiah 1:4; Nehemiah 2:13-15, 1 Chronicles 6:17; 1 Chronicles 18:14, 2 Chronicles 30:10; 2 Chronicles 36:16, Esther 2:15, Daniel 1:16; Daniel 5:19; Daniel 10:9.
Rem. 3. The ptcp. is negatived by ‏לא‎ when an attributive. Jeremiah 2:2 ‏ארץ לֹא זְרוּעָה‎ a land not sown (cf. adj. Deuteronomy 32:6, Hosea 13:13). Jeremiah 18:15, Habakkuk 1:14 in an attributive clause, Job 29:12. Cf. 2 Samuel 1:21, Hosea 7:8. But also in a number of cases when pred., perhaps with rather more force, Numbers 35:23 ( = Deuteronomy 19:4), Deuteronomy 28:61, 2 Samuel 3:34, Jeremiah 4:22, Ezekiel 4:14; Ezekiel 22:24, Zephaniah 3:5, Psalms 38:14, Job 12:3. The double neg. of 1 Kings 10:21 is wanting in 2 Chronicles 9:20. The accents show Isaiah 62:12, Jeremiah 6:8, to be perf.; Zephaniah 2:1 is doubtful. Of course ‏לא רֻחָמָה‎ Hosea 1:6, ‏לא נֻחָמָה‎ Isaiah 54:11, are perfs.
Rem. 4. The finite tense which continues ptcp. will vary (cf. on inf. § 96, R. 2). It will be vav conv. impf. when ptcp. referred to a fact in the past, Genesis 27:33; Genesis 35:3, or was equivalent to a perf. of experience, Amos 5:7-8; Amos 9:5. It will be simple impf. or vav conv. perf. when ptcp. expressed a thing habitual or general, 2 Samuel 20:12, Amos 8:14, Isaiah 5:8, Micah 3:5, Micah 3:9, or referred to fut., 1 Kings 13:2, 1 Kings 13:3.
Rem. 5. The ptcp. being of weaker force than finite tense, sometimes uses prep. ‏ל‎ instead of acc. to convey the action, particularly when obj. precedes. Isaiah 11:9 ‏לַיָּם מְכַסִּים‎ waters covering the sea. Numbers 10:25, Deuteronomy 4:42, Amos 6:3 (cf. Isaiah 66:5), Isaiah 14:2. So in Ar., limâlihi fîha muhîna, making light of his money, Am. b. Keith. Isaiah 14:4.
Rem. 6. The ptcp. without subj. tends to be used in later style for 3rd pers. like finite verb. Joshua 8:6, Nehemiah 6:6; Nehemiah 9:3, Nehemiah 9:5, Isaiah 13:5, and in Psalms. So occasionally for inf., Jeremiah 2:17 ‏עֵת מֽוֹלִכֵךְ‎ the time when he led thee. Genesis 38:29 (comp. Malachi 1:7 with 8; Malachi 1:12; Malachi 2:17; also Malachi 2:15). In Ezekiel 27:34 rd. ‏עַתָּ נִשְׁבַּרְתְּ‎. Both uses are common in post-biblical Heb.
Rem. 7. The pass. ptcp. appears in some cases to express a state which is the result of the subject's own action. Isaiah 26:3 ‏בָּטוּחַ‎ trusting, Psalms 103:14 ‏זָכוּר‎ mindful, Isaiah 53:3 ‏יָדוּעַ‎ acquainted with. Cf. 1 Samuel 2:18, Judges 18:11, Ezekiel 9:2-3, Son_3:8.