Government of the Verb. The Accusative
Government of the Verb. The Accusative
§ 66. Verbs subordinate other words to themselves in the accusative case. This accus. is of various kinds. Besides the acc. of the object, verbs may subordinate words to themselves in a freer way, in what may be called the adverbial accus., e.g. in definitions of place and time. Again, the action of the verb may reach its object not directly, but through the medium of a preposition. Very many so-called prepositions, however, are really nouns, and stand themselves in the adverbial acc.
The accus. termination a in the Shemitic speeches is probably the remains of a demonstrative particle (Eth. ha or a), which indicated the direction to of the verbal action or the verbal state, and this demonstrative nature of the case explains its very wide usage.
The chief accusatives are these—(1) The acc. of absolute object or infin. abs., with which may be connected the cognate acc. (2) The acc. in definitions of time, place, and measure, (3) The acc. of condition, or state of subject or object of the verbal action, including acc. of manner of the action. (4) The acc. of specification, or, as it is called, of respect. (5) The acc. of the direct object of transitive verbs. (6) Certain other accusatives, less common or doubtful in Heb., as the acc. of motive or purpose of the action; the acc. after היה to be, &c.; and that after certain particles as הִנֵּה behold, &c.
1. The Absolute Object
§ 67. (a) Any verb, transitive or intransitive, may subordinate its own inf. abs. or nomen verbi in the acc., with the effect of adding force to the predication. Genesis 2:17 מוֹת תָּמוּת thou shalt die; Genesis 18:18 הָיוֹ יִֽהְיֶה לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל he shall be a great nation; Isaiah 6:9 שִׁמְעוּ שָׁמוֹעַ hear ye indeed. This acc. mostly precedes the verb, but may follow it, and does so always in the case of imper. and ptcp. See Inf.. Abs. § 86.
(b) Cognate accus. The cognate noun may be sub ordinated in the same way as an inner acc. in order to strengthen the verb; 1 Samuel 1:6 וְכִֽעְַסַתָּה צָֽרָתָהּ גַּם־כַּעַס and her rival (fellow-wife) continually aggrieved her; Lam. I. 8 חֵטְא חָֽטְאָה ירושׁלם Jer. sinned (a sin); Isaiah 42:17 יֵבשׁוּ בשֶׁת הַבּֽטְחִים בַּפֶּסֶל they shall be ashamed (with shame). 1 Kings 1:12, Isaiah 21:7, Isaiah 24:16; Isaiah 66:10, Micah 4:9, Habakkuk 3:9, Ezekiel 25:12, Zechariah 1:2, Job 27:12, Psalms 14:5; Psalms 106:14.
More frequently the cognate acc., instead of strengthening the. action absolutely, expresses a concrete instance of the effect or product of the action; 2 Kings 12:20 וַיִּקְשְׁרוּ־קֶשֶׁר and they made a conspiracy, so 2 Kings 15:30; Genesis 40:8 חְַלוֹם חָלַמְנוּ we have dreamed a dream. Exodus 22:6, Joshua 7:1; Joshua 22:20, Joshua 22:31. Usually this acc. is strengthened either (1) by a gen., or (2) by one or more adj. 1 Samuel 20:17 אַֽהְַבַת נַפְשׁוֹ אְַהֵבוֹ he loved him with his love for his own soul; Jeremiah 22:19 קְבוּרַת חְַמוֹר יִקָּבֵר he shall be buried with the burial of an ass; 2 Kings 13:14 חָלָה אֶת־חָלְיוֹ he was sick of his disease. Leviticus 26:36, Deuteronomy 16:18, Joshua 9:9, 2 Samuel 4:5, Isaiah 14:6; Isaiah 27:7; Isaiah 45:17, Jeremiah 30:14, Zechariah 7:9, cf. Psalms 139:22. With adj., Genesis 27:34 וַיִּצְעַק צְעָקָה גְּדֹלָה וּמָרָה עַד־מְאֹד he cried with an exceeding loud and bitter cry. Genesis 12:17; Genesis 50:10, Deuteronomy 7:23, Joshua 22:31, Judges 21:2, 1 Samuel 17:25, 2 Samuel 13:15, 2 Samuel 13:36, 1 Kings 1:40, 2 Kings 4:13, Jeremiah 8:5; Jeremiah 14:17, Zechariah 1:14-15; Zechariah 8:2, Jonah 1:10, Nehemiah 2:10.
Rem. 1. When abs. obj. is inf. cons. it is generally introduced as a comparison, with כְּ, Isaiah 19:14; Isaiah 34:1-17, Isaiah 4:1-6, cf. noun, Isaiah 30:14; but acc. simply (as Ar.) also occurs, Isaiah 24:22; Isaiah 33:1-24, Isaiah 4:1-6.
Rem. 2. The cognate acc. may be plur., Genesis 12:17; Genesis 30:8, Genesis 30:37, Ezekiel 16:38. Occasionally too a noun from a different root but cognate in sense is used, Isaiah 14:6 (clause instead of gen.), Jeremiah 20:11; Jeremiah 31:7, Zechariah 8:2. Cf. Psalms 13:3 sleep (the sleep of) death; Psalms 76:5, Proverbs 3:23.
Rem. 3. Perhaps it should be considered a form of cognate acc. when verbs of expression (speak, cry, weep, &c.) or of conduct subordinate the organ of expression or acting in the acc., 2 Samuel 15:23 all the land בֹּכִים קוֹל גָּדוֹל were weeping with a loud voice, Proverbs 10:4 עשֶֹׁה כַף־רְמִיָּה he who works with a slack hand. Deuteronomy 5:19, 1 Kings 8:55, Isaiah 19:18, Ezekiel 11:13, Psalms 12:2; Psalms 63:6; Psalms 109:2, Ezra 10:12. Cf. Jeremiah 25:30 with a hêdad.
2. Free Subordination to the Verb of Words in the Acc.
§ 68. Acc. of time.—Definitions of time are put in acc. (a) In answer to the question when? Hosea 7:5 יוֹם מַלְכֵּנוּ on the day of our king; 2 Samuel 21:9 תְּחִלַּת קְצִיר שְׂעֹרִים in the beginning of barley harvest; Psalms 127:2 יִתֵּן לִֽידִידוֹ שֵׁנָא he giveth to his beloved in sleep. Genesis 14:15; Genesis 27:45; Genesis 40:7, Hos. I. 2; Genesis 7:6, Psalms 91:6 (at noon; elsewhere with prep. b); Psalms 119:62 חְַצוֹת לַיְלָה at midnight; Psalms 5:3; Psalms 6:10. (b) In answer to how long? Genesis 3:14 כָּל־יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ all the days of thy life; Hosea 3:4 יָמִים רַבִּים יֵֽשְׁבוּ many days shall they abide. Or, how man? of time; Genesis 7:4, Genesis 7:24; Genesis 14:4; Genesis 15:13.—Genesis 21:34; Genesis 27:44.
§ 69. Acc. of place.—Definitions of place are put in acc. (a) In answer to the question where? In prose this is usual with the words בַּיִת house, פֶּתַח door, and some others, but chiefly when the definition of locality is general, prepositions being used when it is more precise. This acc. is also generally defined more fully by a following gen. Genesis 24:23 הְַיֵשׁ בֵּית־אָבִיךְ מָקוֹם is there room in thy father's house? 2 Samuel 9:4 הִנֵּה־הוּא בֵּית מָכִיר he is at the house of M.; Genesis 18:1, Genesis 18:10 וְהוּא ישֵׁב פֶּתַח־הָאֹהֶל as he sat at the door of the tent.—Genesis 38:11; Genesis 45:16, Exodus 33:10, Joshua 1:4, Joshua 1:15; Joshua 12:1; Joshua 23:4, 1 Kings 19:13, 2 Kings 2:3, Isaiah 3:6, Jeremiah 36:10. Genesis 28:11 at the place of his head, 1 Samuel 26:7; Rth_3:8, Rth_3:14 at the place of his feet. Without a following gen., Rth_2:7. Proper names compounded with בֵּית are similarly construed, 2 Samuel 2:32, Hosea 12:4. Comp. Jeremiah 27:18 with Jeremiah 27:21.
(b) In answer to whither? Genesis 27:3 צֵא הַשָּׂדֶה go out to the field; Genesis 45:25 וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן and they came to the land of C. The ה of direction is frequently appended, Genesis 24:16 וַתֵּרֶד הָעַיְנָה and she went down to the fountain; Genesis 12:5; Genesis 39:1, Genesis 39:12; Genesis 42:38; Genesis 43:17. Of course prepp. (אל, עד, &c.) may be used before noun of place, and must be used with names of persons, to which, too, the ה local cannot be appended; Genesis 45:25 וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן אֶל־יַֽעְַקֹב to the land of C. to Jacob (cf. Jeremiah 27:3). The prep. is used also with creatures, Genesis 31:4 הַשָּׂדֶה אֶל־צֹאנוֹ to the field to his flock.— Genesis 13:10; Genesis 24:27, Exodus 4:9; Exodus 17:10, Joshua 6:19, Joshua 6:24, Judges 1:26; Judges 19:18, 1 Samuel 1:24; 1 Samuel 17:17, 1 Samuel 17:20, 2 Samuel 20:3, Isaiah 14:11, Jeremiah 16:8; Jeremiah 18:2-3, Nahum 2:5.—In Ezekiel 11:24; Ezekiel 23:16 כַּשְׂדִּים is now name of the country; Jeremiah 50:10; Jeremiah 51:24, Jeremiah 51:35.
(c) In answer to how far? Genesis 7:20, 1 Kings 19:4, Ezekiel 41:22, Jonah 3:4.
Rem. 1. In elevated speech and poetry words are put in acc. in answer to where? more freely, 1 Kings 8:43 in heaven, Isaiah 16:2 at the fords, Isaiah 15:8; Isaiah 45:19 in a waste (in vain), 2 Chronicles 33:20. In 1 Samuel 2:29 סעון is corrupt in some way. Job 22:12, Psalms 92:8, height is scarcely acc. of place but concrete for adj. as predicate, thou art height = high; cf. Psalms 10:5, Isaiah 22:16. In the frequent אֶת־פְּנֵי, 1 Samuel 1:22; 1 Samuel 2:11, 1 Samuel 2:17-18, Exodus 34:23, &c., את is prep.
Rem. 2. The acc. whither? is also used freely; Genesis 31:4 called Rachel to the field, Genesis 31:21 set his face to mount Gilead, Isaiah 10:32 wage his fist toward the mount, Isaiah 40:26, Psalms 55:8, Job 5:11, Psalms 134:2, Lamentations 5:6.—The force of the ה of direction has in many cases become enfeebled, e.g. שָׁמָּה = there; so it is used with prep. of motion to Joshua 13:4, Ezekiel 8:14, Psalms 9:17; and even with prep. in and from, Joshua 15:21, Jeremiah 27:16. In later style it becomes a mere ornate ending, Psalms 116:14-15, Psalms 116:18; Psalms 124:4; Psalms 125:3, though perhaps for sake of rhythm earlier, Hosea 8:7; Hosea 10:13, Psalms 3:2.
Rem. 3. When questions how long? how far? &c. are answered in numbers, it is strictly the numeral that is in acc. The case of the thing enumerated will depend upon the numeral, being e.g. in gen. after numeral, עְַשֶׂרֶת מֹנִים ten times, Genesis 31:7, or in apposition with it, or possibly in the acc. of specification after it, as אַרְבָּעִים ווֹם forty days. See § 37, R. 6. Possibly under this acc. comes the use of מִסְפַּר according to the number, Job 1:5, Jeremiah 2:28, Exodus 16:16. Or it is acc. of limitation.
Rem. 4. The verb בוא to come, when = come upon in a hostile sense, has often acc. suff. of person in poetry and later style, Isaiah 28:1-29, Isaiah 15:1-9, Job 15:21; Job 20:22, Psalms 35:8; Psalms 36:12. With noun Isaiah 41:25 (though יבֻס has been suggested), Ezekiel 38:11. In a favourable sense, Psalms 119:41, Psalms 119:77. Similarly אתה to come upon, Job 3:26.
§ 70. Acc. of condition.—Any word describing the condition of the subject or object of an action during the action is put in the acc.; and so words describing the manner of the action.
(a) Genesis 15:2 וְאָֽנֹכִי הוֹלֵךְ עְַרִירִי seeing I go childless; Isaiah 20:3 הָלַךְ עַבְדִּי עָרוֹם וְיָחֵף my servant has walked naked and barefoot; Proverbs 1:12 נִבְלָעֵם חַיִּים let us swallow them up alive (1 Kings 20:18). Or even when no verb is used, 2 Samuel 12:21 בַּֽעְַבוּר הַיֶּלֶד חַי for the sake of the child when alive (1 Kings 14:6 her feet as she came). In general an indef. adj. or ptcp. descriptive of a definite word (pron. or def. noun) may be considered in the acc. of condition. Exx. with subj., Genesis 25:8, Genesis 25:25; Genesis 37:35, Deuteronomy 3:18, Joshua 1:14, 1 Samuel 19:20, 1 Kings 22:10, 2 Kings 18:37; 2 Kings 19:2, Amos 2:16, Job 1:21; Job 19:25; Job 24:10, Psalms 109:7, Rth_1:21. Exx. with obj. Genesis 3:8; Genesis 21:9; Genesis 27:6, 1 Kings 11:8, Isaiah 20:4; Isaiah 57:20, Haggai 1:4, Psalms 124:3, Job 12:17.—So even nouns that approach the nature of adj., Genesis 38:11 abide a widow (in widowhood), Genesis 44:33 let him abide as a servant; perhaps Isaiah 21:8 he cried like a lion, Job 24:5, as wild-asses.— With Jonah 1:6 מַה־לְּךָ נִרְדָּם what meanest thou sleeping? cf. Kor. 74:50.
(b) Words describing the manner of the action are in acc. Certain words have become real adverbs, as מְאֹד very (lit. in strength), חִנָּם in vain, for nought, הַרְבֵּה much, very, הֵיטֵב well, very, &c. But adj's. in general may be used adverbially, and (in poetical style particularly) nouns. Zephaniah 1:14 מַר צֹרֵחַ גִּבּוֹר bitterly crieth the hero; Ezekiel 27:30 וְיִזְעְַקוּ מָרָה and they shall cry bitterly; 1 Samuel 12:11 וַתֵּֽשְׁבוּ בֶּטַח and ye dwelt in confidence, Hosea 14:4 אֹֽהְַבֵם נְדָבָה I will love them freely, 1 Samuel 15:32 וַיֵּלֶךְ אֵלָיו אְַגָג מַֽעְַדַנּוֹת and Agag came to him cheerfully.
§ 71. Acc. of specification.—When to the general statement of the action there is added the point of its incidence, or the respect in which it holds, this secondary limitation is put in the acc, Genesis 3:15 הוּא יְשֽׁוּפְךָ רֹאשׁ he shall bruise thee on the head; Genesis 37:21 לֹא נַכֶּנּוּ נֶפֶשׁ let us not smite him as to life (mortally), 1 Kings 15:23 חָלָה אֶת־רַגְלָיו he was diseased in his feet. Genesis 17:25; Genesis 41:40, Deuteronomy 33:11; Deuteronomy 19:6, Deuteronomy 19:11, Judges 15:8, 2 Samuel 21:20 (1 Kings 19:21), Jeremiah 2:16, Psalms 3:7; Psalms 17:11, Job 21:7. Proverbs 22:23.
Rem. 1. In § 70a the Ar. consn. is assumed as the type. For ex. (a) רָאוּ אִישׁ יֹצֵא they saw a man coming out. (b) ר׳ הָאִישׁ הַיֹּצֵא they saw the man who was coming out. (c) ר׳ הָאִישׁ יֹצֵא they saw the man coming out. In a, b, coming out is adj. in agreement with a man, the man, but in c it is acc. of condition to the obj. the man. It is possible, however, that in such cases as Job 27:19 he lieth down rich, rich might be nom. in appos. to subj. in lieth down; Job 15:7; Job 19:25, 2 Samuel 19:20 (so Hitz.). Eth. seems to use App. while Ar. has acc. The sing. in such cases as Isaiah 20:4, Job 12:17; Job 24:10 (cf. pl. Jeremiah 13:19) favours acc. of condition.—The word of condition is naturally an adj. or ptcp. expressing a temporary state, or at least a state which might have been different, and so some nouns as Genesis 38:11; Genesis 44:33 may be similarly used. With Isaiah 21:8, cf. karra zeidun 'asadan, Zeid charged like a lion. With Genesis 38:11 cf. Kor. 11:75, and with 2 Samuel 12:21 Hamas. 392, 2 Samuel 1:3. Other exx. of nouns, Genesis 15:16 as the fourth generation, Deuteronomy 4:27 as a few men, 2 Kings 5:2 in bands, Amos 5:3, Isaiah 65:20 a hundred years old, Jeremiah 31:9 as a great assembly, Zechariah 2:8 as open villages, Psalms 58:8. The text of 1 Samuel 2:33 die אְַנָשִׁים as men (in manhood) is doubtful; Sep. by the sword of men.
Rem. 2. The acc. of manner of the action of an adj. may be mas. ox fem., Isaiah 5:26, sing. or plur., esp. fem. plur. Psalms 139:14, Job 37:5. If a noun: (1) in principle any noun may be used, Micah 2:3 רוֹמָה, Psalms 56:2 מָרוֹם haughtily, Isaiah 60:14 שְׁחוֹחַ bowing down, Proverbs 31:9 צֶדֶק in righteousness, Judges 5:21 עֹז in power; Leviticus 19:16, Numbers 32:14, Isaiah 57:2. (2) The noun may be plur., Lamentations 1:9 פְּלָאִים she came down wonderfully, Hosea 12:14 תַּמְרוּרִים bitterly, Psalms 58:1; Psalms 75:3, cf. 1 Samuel 15:32 above. (3) The acc. may extend to a phrase, Joshua 9:2, 1 Kings 22:13 פֶּה אֶחָד unanimously, cf. Zephaniah 3:9; Leviticus 26:21, Leviticus 26:23-24, Proverbs 7:10, 2 Samuel 23:3 ruling יִרְאַת א׳ in the fear of God. Psalms 83:5 is a mixed consn. for לֵב אֶחָד (1 Chronicles 12:38). See § 140, R. 1. This usage of the noun is mostly poetical, prose rather employs a prep., לָבֶטַח confidently, but בטח Judges 8:11, &c., Lamentations 1:5 שְׁבִי into captivity, elsewhere בַּשׁבי; Psalms 119:78, Psalms 119:86 שֶׁקֶר falsely, in vain, usually לשׁקר 1 Samuel 25:21. Jeremiah 23:28, Psalms 73:13, Psalms 119:75, Job 21:34. Comp. Isaiah 30:7 with Isaiah 49:4; Isaiah 65:23. Psalms 119:75 אֱמוּנָה with 2 Kings 12:15.
Rem. 3. The acc. of restriction (§ 71) is usually an indef. noun, Genesis 3:15; Genesis 37:21, Psalms 3:7. The phrase smite in the bowels is usually אֶל־הַחֹמֶשׁ, 2 Samuel 2:23; 2 Samuel 4:6; 2 Samuel 20:10. In 2 Samuel 3:27 אל may have fallen out. The acc. 1 Kings 15:23 in his feet is בְּרַגְלָיו, 2 Chronicles 16:12, as is usual, cf. 2 Samuel 2:18, Amos 2:15 (so Arab. fi rijlaihi). The acc. of respect is little used after adjs. in Heb., the gen. consn. being employed; cf. § 24, R. 5. The place of acc. of resp. is often taken by a prep., 1 Kings 22:24 על־הַלֶּחִי, Micah 5:1.
Rem. 4. The acc. of motive, so common in Arab., perhaps appears Isaiah 7:25 יִרְאַת שָׁמִיר for (out of) fear of thorns.—Possibly also הָיָה when = become, takes acc. after it, Hosea 8:6 the calf of Sam. שְׁבָבִים יִֽהְיֶה shall become splinters. The frequent use of prep. l makes this consn. probable; cf. Jeremiah 26:18. So Eth.; the Ar. use is wider. And so perhaps verbs of similar meaning, as הפך to turn (also niph.), Jeremiah 2:21, Leviticus 13:3-4, Leviticus 13:10.
3. The Acc. of the direct Object
§ 72. Many verbs govern the direct acc. in Kal; and many of those intrans. in Kal govern acc. in the Caus. (hiph. &c.). Of the latter kind are בּוֹא come; hiph. bring, &c.
Before the direct acc., when also def., the particle את is common. It is greatly used before persons, and especially before pronouns, which it assumes as suff. in the case of the pers. pron. It is also used, however, before things. Genesis 2:15 וַיִּקַּח אֶת־הָֽאָדָם he took the man) Genesis 2:24 יַֽעְַזֹב אֶת־אָבִיו וְאֶת־אִמּוֹ shall leave his father and his mother; Genesis 4:11 לָקַחַת אֶת־דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ to receive thy brother's blood; Genesis 40:4 וַיְשָׁרֶת אֹתָם and he served them) Genesis 41:10 וַיִּתֵּן אֹתִי and he put me. Though the use of את is common, it is very often wanting, and is much less employed in poetry and elevated condensed style than in the broader prose writing. It is altogether wanting for ex. in the poems, Exodus 15:1-27., Deuteronomy 32:1-52., Judges 5:1 S. 2., and other poetical passages.
Rem. 1. The direct obj. when a pron. is often appended to the verb. as suff., esp. in earlier style, Genesis 4:8 וַיַּֽהַרְגֵהוּ and slew him; in later style את with suff. has greater currency. But את must be used in these cases: (a) when for the sake of emphasis the obj. is to be placed before the verb; Judges 14:3 אֹתָהּ קַח־לִי get her for me. Genesis 7:1; Genesis 24:14; Genesis 41:13, 1 Samuel 8:7; 1 Samuel 21:10, Hosea 2:13. (b) When obj. is governed by inf. abs., which is too inflexible to receive suff.; Genesis 41:43 וְנָתוֹן אֹתוֹ and set him over, &c., 1 Samuel 2:28, Jeremiah 9:24, Ezekiel 36:3. (c) When the verb, whether fin. or infin., has already a nearer suff. either of subj. or obj.; 2 Samuel 15:25 וְהִרְאַנִי אֹתוֹ he will let me see it; Genesis 29:20 בְּאַֽהְַבָתוֹ אֹתָהּ because of his loving her. Genesis 19:17; Genesis 38:5, Deuteronomy 7:24, 1 Samuel 1:23; 1 Samuel 18:3, 2 Kings 8:13—the form Deuteronomy 31:7 is unusual, cf. Deuteronomy 1:38; Deuteronomy 19:3. Similarly when subj. of inf. cons. is a noun, Deuteronomy 22:2. In Ar. and Eth., as in Ital., the verb can have two suff., a nearer and more remote.
Rem. 2. When several obj. under the same verb are coupled with and את is usually repeated before each of them, esp. if they be distinct from one another, Genesis 1:1. But usage fluctuates, the newer broader style multiplying את. Genesis 8:1; Genesis 10:15-18; Genesis 12:5, Genesis 12:20; Genesis 15:19-21; Genesis 21:10.
Rem. 3. The use of את with any acc. except that of direct obj. is rare. (a) Of time, how long? Exodus 13:7, Deuteronomy 9:25; when? Leviticus 25:22. (b) Of place, whither? Numbers 4:19, Judges 19:18, Ezekiel 21:20. (c) Of restriction, Genesis 17:11, Genesis 17:14, Genesis 17:25 (not 24), 1 Kings 15:23.
Rem. 4. To the rule that את is used only before def. obj. there are apparent exceptions. First, it is used with undefined obj. (a) In poetry, which greatly dispenses with the art.; e.g. in the case of words denoting a class, Isaiah 41:7; Isaiah 50:4, Proverbs 13:21. (b) In prose with words which are of the nature of pronoun, e.g. כל all, Deuteronomy 2:34, 2 Samuel 6:1; אַחֵר another, Jeremiah 16:13. So with אחד one; and Num. in general have a certain definiteness of their own, Genesis 21:30, Numbers 16:15, 1 Samuel 9:3, 2 Samuel 15:16. Comp. the usage with man, woman, in the sense of any one, Exodus 21:28, Numbers 21:9, cf. Leviticus 20:14. In some other cases the phrase though put indefinitely has a particular reference, e.g. 2 Samuel 4:11 a righteous man (Ishbosheth), 1 Samuel 26:20 a flea (one who is, &c.), i.e. David. In 2 Samuel 5:24 a known kind of divine rustling is referred to, and art. of 1 Chronicles 14:15 might be accepted were it not the habit of Chron. to correct anomalies. 2 Samuel 18:18 pillar might be cons. before rel., but text is uncertain (Sep.). 1 Samuel 24:5 of the robe has prob. fallen out after skirt (Sep.). On 1 Kings 12:31; 1 Kings 16:18, cf. § 22, R. 3.
Secondly, את seems used otherwise than before the obj. (a) Some of the cases are only apparent. For ex. a neut. verb used impersonally with prep. and subj. is felt to have the force of an act. vb.; 2 Samuel 11:25 אל־יֵרַע בְּעֵינֶיךָ את־הַדָּבָר = take not amiss the thing; so 1 Samuel 20:13 (rd. יִיטַב) Nehemiah 9:32 אַל־יִמְעַט לְפָנֶיךָ את כל־הַתְּלָאָה regard not as little; so even the noun מְעַט with prep. ל, Joshua 22:17. Similarly הָיָה לְ = to have, Joshua 17:11; cf. the Eth. usage with prep. ba, in, with, as baya is with me = I have, followed by acc. (Dill. p. 343). (b) In some cases a particle like behold, or a verb like thou hast, seest, may float before the writer's mind under whose regimen the noun falls, as Ezekiel 43:7 את־מְקוֹם כִּסְאִי behold (Sep. thou seest) the place of my throne. But in many cases את seems merely to give emphasis or demonstrative distinctness to the subj., particularly the emph. which an additional or new thing has, or which is natural in resuming things already spoken of. 1 Samuel 26:16 where is the spear ואת־צַפַּחַת and the cruse? 1 Samuel 17:34 there came the lion ואת־הַדּוֹב and the bear too (the verbs are frequent.). Ex. of resumption, Judges 20:44, 2 Samuel 21:22, 1 Kings 2:32, Ezekiel 14:22, Zechariah 8:17. Other ex. Numbers 3:26; Numbers 5:10, 2 Kings 6:5, Jeremiah 27:8; Jeremiah 36:22, Ezekiel 17:21; Ezekiel 35:10; Ezekiel 44:3 (Ezekiel 47:17-19?), Nehemiah 9:19, Nehemiah 9:34, Haggai 2:17, Zechariah 7:7, Ecclesiastes 4:3, Daniel 9:13. Cf. Ezekiel 43:17 after prep.; 1 Samuel 30:23 text obscure (Sep.).
§ 73. Classes of verbs governing acc. of obj.—(a) As in other languages active verbs take acc. of obj., as נתן give, לקח take, שׂים put, רדף pursue. But so also many verbs properly stative, as אהֵב love, שׂנֵא hate, חפֵץ desire, and even יכֹל to be able (Isaiah 1:13, prevail over Psalms 13:5). So בכה to weep for, bewail.
(b) The causative of verbs intrans. in Kal, as בוֹא come, hiph. bring, יָצָא go out, hiph. bring out, עָלָה ascend, hiph. bring up, יָרַד go down, hiph. bring down, &c.
(c) Verbs of fulness and want, as מָלֵא be full of, שָבַע be satisfied with, חָסֵר want, שָׁכֹל be bereaved of. Isaiah 1:11 שָׂבַעְתִּי עֹלוֹת אֵילִים I am sated with burnt-offerings of rams; Isaiah 1:15 יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵֽאוּ your hands are full of blood; Deuteronomy 2:7 לֹא חָסַרְתָּ דָּבָר thou didst want nothing. Genesis 18:28; Genesis 27:45, Exodus 15:9. The acc. here is perhaps properly one of specification.—Proverbs 25:17 שׂבע with acc. of person, so מלֵא Exodus 15:9.
(d) Verbs of putting on and putting off clothes, as לָבַשׁ put on, פָּשַׁט strip, עָטָה be clothed with (more poetical). 1 Kings 22:30 וְאַתָּה לְבַשׁ בְּגָדֶיךָ but don thou thy robes; 1 Samuel 19:24 וַיִּפְשַׁט גַּם־הוּא בְּגָדָיו he, too, stripped himself of his clothes; 1 Samuel 28:14 וְהוּא עֹטֶה מְעִיל wearing a robe. Genesis 38:19, Deuteronomy 22:5, 1 Samuel 28:8, Isaiah 49:18, Leviticus 6:11, Son_5:3. Isaiah 59:17, Psalms 109:29. For put off הֵסִיר is often used.
(e) Verbs signifying to inhabit, dwell in, as ישׁב dwell in, שׁכן id., גּוּר dwell with, Isaiah 44:13, Jeremiah 17:6, Psalms 37:3, Judges 5:17, Isaiah 33:14, Isaiah 33:16, Psalms 94:17. In poetry even acc. of person, Psalms 5:4; Psalms 120:5.—The consn. with prep. is more usual in prose.
(f) Verbs of speaking, as דִּבֶּר speak to, עָנָה answer, hear,
קָרָא call, צִוָּה command, &c. But consn. with prep. is also common in most of these cases.
Rem. 1. The verbs בוֹא go in, יָצָא come out, may also be construed with acc., Jeremiah 10:20 בָּנַי יְצָאֻנִי my children have gone out from me, 2 Kings 20:4, Joshua 8:19. So הָלַךְ in the sense of go through, walk in (different from acc. of goal, whither?) Deuteronomy 1:19; Deuteronomy 2:7, Isaiah 50:10 (darkness), Job 29:3.
Rem. 2. Under (c) may be classed such verbs as שָׁרַץ to swarm with, Exodus 8:3, פָּרַץ to multiply greatly, cf. Proverbs 3:10. נָזַל to flow with, Jeremiah 9:18, and similar verbs, as שָׁטַף to overflow with, Isaiah 10:22; יָרַד go down (flow) with, Jeremiah 13:17, Lamentations 3:48, Psalms 119:136; הָלַךְ go (flow) with, John 4:18; נָטַף to drop, Judges 5:4, John 4:18, Son_4:11; and others. Also עָלָה to come up (be overgrown) with, Isaiah 5:6 וְעָלָה שָׁמִיר וָשַׁיִת it shall come up in thorns and briars; Isaiah 34:13.
Rem. 3. Under (d) come such verbs as אָזַר to gird (oneself) with, 1 Samuel 2:4; חָגַר to gird on, 1 Samuel 25:13, Isaiah 15:3; עָדָה to deck (oneself) with, Hosea 2:13, Isaiah 61:10, Job 40:10; and others which mostly occur with two acc.
Rem. 4. The pron. suff. is usually direct obj., but sometimes indirect, Zechariah 7:5 צַמְתֻּנִי אָנִי did ye fast for me? Job 31:18 גְּדֵלַנִי כְאָב grew up to me as a father. This kind of consn. (instead of prep.) is easier with suff., e.g. Job 6:4 array against me, Nehemiah 9:28 cry unto thee, Isaiah 44:21 forgotten of me, Jeremiah 20:7, 1 Kings 16:22, 2 Chronicles 28:20. In Isaiah 65:5 rd. pi. קִדַּשְׁתִּיךָ stand back! I shall sanctify thee! cf. Ezekiel 44:19.—So with reflex. vb. Psalms 109:3, though such verbs may take direct acc., Genesis 37:18, Joshua 18:5, Judges 19:22, Isaiah 14:2. Psalms 42:4 אֶדַּדֵּם is explained by Hitz. in Rücksicht auf sie; perhaps pi. אְַדַדֵּם.
Rem. 5. The pron. obj. is often omitted contrary to our idiom, particularly after vbs. of giving, bringing, putting, telling, and others. Genesis 2:19 וַיָּבֵא and brought them, 1 Samuel 17:31 וַיַּגִּדוּ they told them, 1 Samuel 19:13 וַתָּשֶׂם she put them. Genesis 12:19; Genesis 18:7; Genesis 27:13-14; Genesis 38:18, Deuteronomy 21:12.—Different is the case where certain verbs by a brachylogy may omit their obj. e.g. נשׂא lift up, sc. קוֹל, Isaiah 3:7; Isaiah 42:2. נשׂא ל forgive, sc. עָוֹן, Isaiah 2:9, Genesis 18:24. כרת sc. בְּרִית 1 Samuel 20:16, 2 Chronicles 7:18. הִפִּיל sc. גּוֹרָל lot, 1 Samuel 14:42, Job 6:27, cf. Judges 18:1. שׂים sc. לֵב Job 4:20, so כּוֹנֵן Job 8:8. שׁמר, נטר to retain, sc. אף anger, Jeremiah 3:5, Psalms 103:9. שׁלח sc. יָד 2 Samuel 6:6. הִקְשָׁה sc. עֹרֶף neck, Job 9:4, cf. Jeremiah 7:26. So מִלֵּא אַֽחְַרֵי sc. לָלֶכֶת to go, Joshua 14:14. In 1 Samuel 24:10 eye seems om., but perh. rd. 1st pers. with Sep. Syr. Cf. 2 Kings 10:13.
Rem. 6. Sometimes the obj. is regarded as the instrument or means by which the action is realised, and construed with prep. ב. Exodus 7:20 הֵרִים בַּמַּטֶּה to lift up with the rod, I am. Exodus 1:17 פֵּֽרְשָׂה בְיָדֶיהָ she stretches out with her hands. Jeremiah 18:16 to wag with the head; Job 16:10 to open with the mouth, Psalms 22:7; Job 16:9 to gnash with the teeth; Jeremiah 12:8 to give forth with the voice. Cf. Proverbs 6:13. So the phrase קרא בְשֵׁם to call with the name = invoke Genesis 4:26, proclaim Exodus 34:5, &c.
Rem. 7. The direction of the action upon obj. is sometimes indicated by prep. ל, particularly with ptcp. and inf. whose rection is weaker than that of fin. vb. Isaiah 11:9 לַיָּם מְכַסִּים covering the sea, cf. different order, Habakkuk 2:14. Amos 6:3, Isaiah 14:2. The caus. (hiph., pi.) not uncommonly reaches its obj. by ל, Numbers 32:15, 1 Samuel 23:10 (2 Samuel 3:30), Isaiah 29:2, Amos 8:9, Hosea 10:1, cf. Jeremiah 40:2, Psalms 69:5; Psalms 73:18, Job 11:6.—In later style ל is used in all the senses of את, e.g. (a) direct obj. 1 Chronicles 16:37; 1 Chronicles 25:1; 1 Chronicles 29:22, Ezra 8:16, Ezra 8:24. (b) resumptive (or appos.) 1 Chronicles 5:26, 2 Chronicles 2:12; 2 Chronicles 23:1, Psalms 136:19, Psalms 136:20. (c) giving prominence to preposed subj.
4. Verbs with two Acc. of the Object
§ 74. Many verbs and forms of verbs govern two objects. There are several cases. First, when the two obj. (generally a pers. and a thing) have no relation to one another, and could not stand as subj. and pred. in a simple proposition, as, he showed him the place. Secondly, when the two obj. are so related that in a simple sentence the one might be pred. of the other, as man is dust; he made man (of) dust. Thirdly, in a wider way, when the action is performed upon the main obj. through the medium of some other thing, this means as coming also under the action of the verb is considered a remoter obj., as, they stoned him (with) stones.
§ 75. To the first class belong—(a) The causatives of verbs transitive in the Kal; Deuteronomy 8:3 וַיַּֽאְַכִֽלְךָ אֶת־הַמָּן he fed thee with manna; Judges 4:19 הַשְׁקִינִי־נָא מְעַט־מַיִם give me a little water to drink; Judges 4:22 אַרְאֶךָּ אֶת־הָאִישׁ I will show thee the man. So הוֹדִיעַ to show, 1 Samuel 14:12; הוֹרָה, הָבִין to show Isaiah 28:9; הנחיל make to inherit, Deuteronomy 3:29; Deuteronomy 31:7; לִמַּד to teach, Judges 3:2, Deuteronomy 4:5; השׁמיע cause to hear, 2 Kings 7:6, Son_2:14 :2 Ki. 2 Kings 6:6; 2 Kings 11:4. An ex. of three acc. 2 Kings 8:13 showed me thee king, &c.
(b) The caus. of verbs of plenty and want (§ 73c). Genesis 42:25 וַיְמַלְאוּ את־כְּלֵיהֶם בָּר they filled their sacks with corn; 26:15:1 Ki. Genesis 18:13 וָֽאְַכַלְכְּלֵם לֶחֶם וָמַיִם I supported them with bread and water, Genesis 47:12, Isaiah 50:4. השׂביע to satisfy with, Psalms 132:15. חִסַּר to make want, Psalms 8:5. רִוָּה to water with, Isaiah 16:9. Cf. Judges 19:5, Psalms 51:12; Psalms 104:15, Lamentations 3:15. Some cases may belong to a.
(c) The caus. of verbs of clothing with, stripping off (§ 73d). Under this may come verbs of covering, girding, surrounding with, overlaying or plating with, crowning, &c. 1 Samuel 17:38 וַיַּלְבֵּשׁ אֶת־דָוִד מַדָּיו he put his garments on David, Genesis 41:42, Psalms 132:16, Psalms 132:18. Genesis 37:23 וַיַּפְשִׁיטוּ את־יו׳ את־כֻּתָּנְתּוֹ they stripped Joseph of his coat. Numbers 20:26, Numbers 20:28, Isaiah 22:21. If the action be performed on oneself one acc. may be represented by reflex., 1 Samuel 18:4 וַיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט את־הַמְּעִיל he stripped himself of the robe. Comp. § 73, R. 4.
(d) Verbs of asking, answering, calling, commanding in the sense of intrusting to, &c. (§ 73f). Isaiah 58:2 יִשְׁאָלוּנִי מִשְׁפְּטֵי־צֶדֶק they ask me for judgments of righteousness. 1 Kings 12:13 וַיַּעַן את־הָעָם קָשָׁה he returned the people a harsh answer, 1 Samuel 20:10. So the phrase הֵשִׁיב דָּבָר, Genesis 37:14 וַֽהְַשִׁבֵנִי דָּבָר and return me an answer (or, bring me word), 2 Samuel 24:13, 1 Kings 12:6. 1 Samuel 21:2 הַמֶּלֶךְ צִוַּנִי דָבָר intrusted me with a matter. So שׁלח in this sense, Exodus 4:28, 1 Kings 14:6. To call, Genesis 41:51, Genesis 41:52. Isaiah 45:11, Psalms 137:3. 1 Kings 18:21.
Similarly the verbs in § 73, R. 1; הוֹלִיךְ Hosea 2:14, Deuteronomy 8:2, Lamentations 3:2.
§ 76. When two nouns might form the subj. and pred. in a simple affirmation they become under a verb a double obj. acc. There are two cases: e.g. man is dust;—he made man of dust (so-called acc. of Material); and, the stones are an altar;—he built the stones into an altar (so-called acc. of Product). The nearer obj. is usually def. and the more remote indef. Such verbs are those of making, placing, putting, appointing, and verbs of the mind as to see, know, consider, think, find, &c. Genesis 2:7 וַיִּיצֶר אֶת־הָֽאָדָם עָפָר he made the man (out of) dust of the ground. Deuteronomy 27:6 אְַבָנִים שְׁלֵמוֹת תִּבְנֶה אֶת־מִזְבַּח י׳ (of) whole stones shalt thou build the altar of Je. Genesis 27:9, Exodus 20:25; Exodus 25:18, Exodus 25:28; Exodus 38:3, 1 Kings 7:15, 1 Kings 7:27.—1 Kings 18:32 וַיִּבְנֶה אֶת־הָֽאְַבָנִים מִזְבֵּחַ he built the stones into an altar. Isaiah 3:7 לא תְשִׂימֻנִי קְצִין עָם appoint me not a ruler of a people, Isaiah 5:6; Isaiah 28:15, Genesis 28:18, Exodus 32:4, 1 Samuel 28:2, Micah 4:13; Micah 6:7. Deuteronomy 1:15 וָֽאֶתֵּן אֹתָם רָאשִׁים and I made them heads, 1 Kings 14:7, Isaiah 3:4. Genesis 15:6 וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה he counted it righteousness to him.
The same consn. occurs with adj. and ptcp., which then forms a predicate acc. (tertiary pred.). Genesis 7:1 אֹֽתְךָ רָאִיתִי צַדִּיק have I perceived righteous, Deuteronomy 28:25 יִתֶּנְךָ י׳ נִגָּף Je. shall make thee defeated, Deuteronomy 28:7. Jeremiah 22:30, Isaiah 53:4; Isaiah 26:7. 2 Kings 14:26.
§ 77. More generally, when in reaching the main obj. the verb brings some other thing under its action, both are put in acc. of obj. Isaiah 5:2 וַיִּטָּעֵהוּ שׂרֵק he planted it with choice vines, Judges 9:45 וַיִּזְרָעֶהָ מֶלַח he sowed it with salt. Micah 7:2 hunts his brother with a net, Malachi 4:6 smite the earth with (into) a curse, Psalms 64:7 shoot at them with arrows; Psalms 45:7 anointed thee with oil; 2 Kings 19:32 (קדם pi.); Psalms 88:7. Joshua 7:25 וַיִּרְגְּמוּ אֹתוֹ אֶבֶן they stoned him with stones, Leviticus 24:23, 2 Chronicles 24:21; also with ב instrum., and so סקל to stone always, Joshua 7:25, Deuteronomy 13:11, 1 Kings 21:13.—Proverbs 13:24.
§ 78. Besides the double obj. verbs may have two acc. of different kinds, as obj. and cog. acc., 1 Kings 2:8 קִֽלְַלַנִי קְלָלָה נִמְרֶצֶת cursed me with a bitter curse, 2 Kings 17:21, 1 Kings 8:55; acc. of condition, Genesis 27:6 שָׁמַעְתִּי את־אָבִיךָ מְדַבֵּר I heard thy father speaking; acc. of restriction, Genesis 37:21 smite him as to life (mortally); acc. loci, Genesis 37:24 they cast him הַבּוֹרָה into the pit, &c.
Rem. 1. Under § 75 b may come verbs of giving, granting, &c., נתן, חנן to grant Genesis 33:5; to bless with Genesis 49:25, Genesis 49:28; to requite with שׁלם S. Genesis 24:18, Psalms 35:12.
Rem. 2. Under § 75c might be classed כסה pi. to cover, Malachi 2:13, Psalms 104:6; אזר pi. to gird Psalms 18:32, חגר to gird Exodus 29:9; סבב surround with 1 Kings 5:3, עטר pi. to surround with, crown Psalms 5:12; Psalms 8:6; Psalms 103:4; ספן to ciel with 1 Kings 6:9; צפה pi., חפה pi. to overlay with 1 Kings 6:20-21, 1 Kings 6:22, Exodus 25:11, Exodus 25:28, 2 Chronicles 3:4-9; טוח to daub with Ezekiel 13:10. Son_3:10 paved with love. Some of these cases might be classed under § 77.
Rem. 3. Under § 76 come such verbs as עשׂה make, בנה build, נתן make, put, Joshua 9:27; Joshua 11:6, 1 Kings 14:7. שׂים put, 1 Samuel 28:2, 2 Kings 10:8, Isaiah 28:15, Psalms 80:6; Psalms 105:21. שׁית put Isaiah 5:6, Psalms 21:6; Psalms 88:9; Psalms 110:1. ברא create, Isaiah 65:18 הפך to turn into Psalms 114:8. Ex. of so-called acc. of product, 1 Kings 11:30 rent it into 12 pieces, Amos 6:11. smite the house into fissures, Habakkuk 3:9 cleave rivers into dry ground, Psalms 74:2. Ar. Gram. regards such cases as acc. of specification.
Rem. 4. The affinity of the consn. § 76 to the usage of Apposition (§ 29) is evident. The two obj. are virtually in Appos. 2 Chronicles 2:15.
Rem. 5. For second obj. ל is frequently used, esp. with persons, Genesis 2:22 built the rib לְאִשָּׁה into a woman; Genesis 12:2 I will make thee לְגוֹי a nation. With שׂים Isaiah 14:23; Isaiah 23:13; Isaiah 28:17. So חשׁב to reckon Genesis 38:15, 1 Samuel 1:13, and usually; to turn into Amos 6:12, &c. And prep. for 2nd acc. is common in other cases, as to satisfy with ב Isaiah 58:11, Lamentations 3:15; to smite on the cheek על, Micah 5:1; to overlay with ב, Jeremiah 10:4, 2 Kings 19:1.
Rem. 6. Ecclesiastes 7:25 לָדַעַת רֶשַׁע כֶּסֶל to know wickedness (to be) folly, is an ex. of verb of the mind. The consn. with כי that is more usual. Ar. Gr. draws a distinction between verbs like to see, &c. as verbs of sense and as verbs of the mind. In both cases they take 2 acc., but the 2nd acc. differs. I saw him sleeping (verb of sense), sleeping is acc. of condition; in the other case it is 2nd obj., perceived him (to be) sleeping = that he was sleeping, pred. acc.
Rem. 7. Two acc. appear in the phrase עָשָׂה כָלָה to make (to be) a full end, utterly destroy, Nehemiah 9:31 לא עשׂיתָם כָּלָה, Nahum 1:8, Jeremiah 30:11, though את seems prep. Jeremiah 5:18. Strong consns. occur in poetry, Psalms 21:12, put them the back שְׁכֶם, Psalms 18:41 make them the back עֹרֶף, i.e. cause them to turn the back (in flight) to one. Exodus 23:27.
Rem. 8. Sentences beginning with כי, אשׁר, את אשׁר that, how that, after tell, show, &c. form virtually a 2nd obj. § 146. And so words with כ as, for, Genesis 42:30 held us כִּמְרַגְּלִים spies, Psalms 44:11.—Unique perhaps is הִגִּיד with 2 acc., Ezekiel 43:10, 2 Samuel 15:31 rd. וּלְדוּד; 2 Kings 7:9 בֵּית is acc. loci; Job 26:4 אֶת־מִי = by whose help (inspiration), as Genesis 4:1, according to parallel clause.
5. Construction of the Passive
§ 79. When one obj. is governed by the act. this may become subj. of the pass., as in other languages. But frequently the pass. is used, as we say, impersonally (3 sing. mas.), and governs in the same way as the act.—the idea being that the pass. expresses an action of which the agent is unknown, or, not named. 1 Kings 2:21 יֻתַּן אֶת־אְַבִישַׁג let Abishag be given; Jeremiah 35:14 הוּקַם אֶת־דִּבְרֵי יְהוֹנָדָב the commands of Jon. are performed; Genesis 40:20 יוֹם הֻלֶּדֶת אֶת־פַּרְעֹה the day Ph. was born (inf.). Exodus 21:28 לא יֵֽאָכֵל אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ its flesh shall not be eaten. Genesis 4:18; Genesis 27:42, Exodus 10:8, Deuteronomy 12:22, Joshua 9:24, 2 Samuel 21:6, 2 Samuel 21:11, 1 Kings 18:13, 2 Kings 5:17, Hosea 10:6, Amos 4:2, Jeremiah 38:4.
§ 80. When two obj. are governed in the act. the nearer of the two usually becomes subj. of the pass., and the more remote is retained in accus. Isaiah 6:4 וְהַבַּיִת יִמָּלֵא עָשָׁן and the house was filled with smoke; Exodus 1:7, Isaiah 2:7-8; Isaiah 38:10. Genesis 31:15 הְַלוֹא נָכְרִיּוֹת נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ לוֹ are we not counted for strangers by him? Cf. Genesis 15:6, Isaiah 40:17. Micah 3:12 צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵֽחָרֵשׁ Zion shall be ploughed into a field; Isaiah 6:11; Isaiah 24:12 :1 Ki. Isaiah 6:7 the house אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה נִבְנָה was built of unhewn stones, Ezra 5:8, cf. Deuteronomy 27:6.—Genesis 17:11, Exodus 13:7; Exodus 25:31, Leviticus 6:16, Judges 18:11, 1 Kings 7:14; 1 Kings 14:6 (cf. Exodus 4:28); 1 Kings 22:10, Psalms 80:10, Proverbs 24:31. So cog. acc. Jeremiah 14:17.
§ 81. The connexion between the real personal agent and pass. vb. is usually expressed by prep. ל. Genesis 14:19 בָּרוּךְ לְאֵל עֶלְיוֹן blessed by God; Genesis 31:15 נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ לוֹ we are counted by him; Isaiah 65:1 נִמְצֵאתִי לְלֹא בִקְשֻׁנִי I was to be found by those who sought me not. Genesis 25:21, Exodus 12:16, Joshua 17:16, 1 Samuel 15:13, Jeremiah 8:3, Nehemiah 6:1. More rarely by מִן (from, of source), Hosea 7:4 תַּנּוּר בֹּעֵרָה מֵֽאֹפֶה an oven heated by a baker (text doubtful), Leviticus 21:7; cf. Judges 14:4, Malachi 1:9, Job 4:9, 1 Chronicles 5:22. Prep. מן is usual of cause or means, not personal. Genesis 9:11 יִכָּרֵת מִמֵּי הַמַּבּוּל be cut off by the waters of the flood, Obadiah 1:9, Job 7:14. Prep. ב (through, of instrum.) is also used of persons, Genesis 9:6 בָּֽאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ through men shall his blood be shed.
Rem. 1. More rarely the remoter obj. becomes subj. of pass., Leviticus 13:49 וְהָרְאָה אֶת־הַכֹּהֵן and it shall be shown to the priest, cf. Exodus 26:30. So Ar. can say, 'u'tiya zeidawdirhamun, a dirhem was given Zeid, though usually, Zeid was given a dirhem (zeidun dirhaman).
Rem. 2. It is seldom that both acc. of act. are retained in pass., Numbers 14:21, Psalms 72:19. Such impers. use of pass. is easier when the act. governs one acc. and prep., Genesis 2:23 לְזֹאת יִקָּרֵא אִשָּׁה this shall be called woman (acc.), Isaiah 1:26, Numbers 16:29. Of course all acc. except that of the obj. must be retained in pass.
Rem. 3. The exx. given above show that the use of acc. after pass. is classical, though the usage perhaps increased in later style. It is common with ילד to bear, Genesis 4:18 (J); Genesis 21:5; Genesis 46:20, Numbers 26:60. The consn. of this word in some cases is uncertain, Genesis 35:26 (Sam. pl.), cf. Genesis 36:5, 1 Chronicles 2:3, 1 Chronicles 2:9; 1 Chronicles 3:1, 1 Chronicles 3:4. Other exx. Genesis 21:8, Numbers 7:10. Exodus 25:28; Exodus 27:7, Leviticus 16:27. Numbers 11:22; Numbers 26:55 (cf. Numbers 26:53); Numbers 32:5. Genesis 17:5; Genesis 35:10. Genesis 17:11, Genesis 17:14, Genesis 17:24-25 (acc. of restriction). In some cases where noun with את precedes the pass. the את may merely give definiteness to the subj., Judges 6:28; and in other cases את may be resumptive, Joshua 7:15.
Rem. 4. The pass. be heard in sense of answered is niph. of ענה, Job 19:7, Proverbs 21:13. Pass. of שׁמע does not seem used in this sense with personal subj. (cf. Del. N.T. Matthew 6:7).